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Authors

Centre for Child Law

EU Global Facility on Anti Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism

England & Wales Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)

European Court of Human Rights

Financial Intelligence Center

Financial Sector Conduct Authority

Information Regulator of South Africa

James Grant

Judicial Institute for Africa

Legal Practice Council

Siracusa International Institute for Criminal Justice and Human Rights

South African Law Reform Commission

South African Reserve Bank

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irsa

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Document nature

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FSCA Notice

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Topics

1. Introduction to Biomedical Science

2. Evidence

3. Science

4. Reports

4. Spotlight videos

Ability of Child to be a Witness

Absence of inquiry into understanding of oath (s162)

Access to justice

Access to procedural justice for children

Accommodations for witnesses with disabilities

Accused of advanced age

Accusing complainant of lying

Active role by judicial officer

Admission of child’s age in guilty plea

Adolescent behaviour

Adolescent sexuality

Adolescents

Advanced age as mitigating factor

Age of child proved for minimum sentence

Aggravating and mitigating factors in rape

Aggravating factors in child pornography

Aggravating factors in child pornography cases

Aggravating factors in rape sentencing

Alibi defence

All evidence to be taken into consideration

Anxiety disorders

Appeal without complete record

Appointment of intermediary

Attempted rape

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Availability of information for persons with disabilities

Behaviour of Rape Victim

Bullying

Business, Trade and Industry

CCTV

Calling of witnesses by court

Case Index

Cautionary rule

Cautionary rule child witness

Cautionary rule for children and single witnesses

Cautionary rule single witness

Chain of evidence

Characteristics of adolescents

Chatrooms

Child Abuse Accommodation Syndrome

Child Participation

Child Rights

Child abuse

Child development

Child language

Child pornography

Child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse material

Child sexual exploitation material

Child witness

Child witnesses

Children in institutional care

Children with disabilities

Circumstances of 71-year-old offender

Co-perpetrators not before court

Co-perpetrators not found

Cognitive Development

Cognitive distortions

Communication disabilities

Communications and Media

Competency examination

Competency examination (s164)

Competency examination of person with mental disability

Competency of 13-year-old

Competency of child to testify

Competency test s164

Complainant not cross-examined

Complainant recants in court

Concept of harm

Conducting genito-anal examinations

Conducting physical examinations in sexual violence cases

Consequences of sexual violence

Constitutional obligations of police

Contaminating evidence

Content of competency examination

Contradictions and inconsistencies in evidence

Contradictions in evidence

Counselling

Court Management

Court Testimony

Court accommodations

Court record destroyed

Court upper guardian of children

Covid-19

Credibility of child

Criminal capacity of children

Cross-examination

Cross-examination of accused

Cross-examination of child

Cross-examination of child witnesses

Cyberbullying

Cybersex

DNA evidence

Deaf or hearing impaired witnesses

Debriefing

Detention awaiting trial as a mitigating factor

Determining appropriate sentence for rape (digital penetration)

Developmentally inappropriate vocabulary

Digital media

Disclosure of abuse

Disclosure of pornography to defence

Distributing child pornography

Dock identification

Doctor required to explain J88

Drug-facilitated sexual assault

Drug-facilitated sexual violence

Drugs and sexual violence

Duty on prosecutor to lead evidence of harm in guilty plea

Empathy

Energy and Natural Resources

Enquiry into oath

Environment, Climate and Wildlife

Environmental grooming

Equipment necessary for medical forensic examinations

European Court of Human Rights

Evidence of children

Evidence of clinical psychologist on competency

Evidence to be led on child complainant’s age for minimum sentencing

Examination-in-chief of child

Extradition for child pornography

Factors Affecting Recanting

Finance and Money

Fixated sex offender

Forensic evidence of soil

Forensic medical assessment of victims of violence

Function of intermediary

Gang rape

Gravity of rape and gender based violence

Grooming

Guilty plea

Guilty plea in sexual offences cases

Guilty pleas not mitigating factor

Harm suffered by complainant

Hearsay rule in children

Howell interviewing strategy

Human Rights

Human Rights Case Summaries

Identification in dark

Identification parade

Impact of Cognitive Development on Testifying

Impact of Covid-19

Impact of Sexual Violence

Impact of abuse

Impact of being exposed to pornography

Impact of being used in pornography

Impact of child pornography on children

Impact of cyberbullying

Impact of inadequate investigation on trauma of complainant

Impact of pornography on children

Impact of rape

Impact of trauma

Implications of Covid for children

Inadequate police investigation

Inadequate prosecution

Incomplete evidence by complainant

Indecent assault of 3 girls under 12

Indecent assault of 3 minor females

Influence of environment on adolescence

Intact hymen

Intellectual disabilities

Intermediaries

Intermediary

International instruments

Internet

Interviewer bias

Interviewing Techniques

Interviewing sex offenders with personality disorders

Investigating drug-facilitated sexual assault

Investigations of cases involving sexual abuse of children

Judicial discretion

Judicial management

Judicial officer an umpire

Judicial training

LPC Notices

Labour and Employment

Lanzarote Convention

Leading evidence

Leading questions by magistrate

Leave to appeal

Life imprisonment

Life sentence

Magistrate has access to documents not in court record

Manufacturing child pornography

Meaning of oath

Medical evidence of penetration

Medical forensic examinations

Mental Illness

Methods of Grooming

Minimum sentences

Minimum sentencing

Mitigating factors in child pornography

Mitigating factors in rape sentencing

Multiple postponements

Multiple rape

Must co-perpetrators be convicted in order for life sentence

Need for pre-sentence report or victim impact statement

Non-Disclosure

Non-Reporting

Oath inquiry s162

Offence motivations

Offender typology

Online behaviour

Online child pornography

Online exploitation

Online grooming

Onus of Proof

Opportunistic sex offenders

Pathology

Persons with communication disabilities

Persons with disabilities

Persons with mental disabilities

Persons with physical disabilities

Persons with psychological or emotional disabilities

Physical disabilities

Police investigation

Police investigation inadequate

Police negligence

Pornography

Possession of child pornography

Predatory sex offenders

Presiding Officer

Pressure to sext

Proportionality in sentencing

Prosecuting drug-facilitated sexual assault

Prosecution of child abuse cases

Prosecution’s discretion not to disclose pornographic evidence

Protection of identity

Public administration

Purpose of Grooming

Questioning children

Rape

Rape & sexual offences of 14-year-old female

Rape Trauma Syndrome

Rape by family friend

Rape by family member

Rape by father

Rape by mother's boyfriend

Rape by neighbour

Rape by stepfather

Rape by stranger

Rape by uncle

Rape despicable crime

Rape of 10 year-old stepdaughter

Rape of 10-year-old

Rape of 11-year-old female

Rape of 12-year-old girl

Rape of 13-year-old girl

Rape of 15-year-old female

Rape of 16-year-old

Rape of 28-year-old female

Rape of 5-year-old

Rape of 6 year old

Rape of 6-year-old female

Rape of 6-year-old girl

Rape of 9-year-old

Rape of 9-year-old female

Rape of girls aged 7 and 8

Rape of minor

Rapport

Rationale for victim impact statement

Reactions of Rape Victim

Reasons for extradition

Reasons for recantation

Recanting

Reducing Disclosure

Reducing Victim Resistance

Reducing the Risk of Recanting

Regional instruments

Regressed sex offender

Regret and remorse

Rehabilitation of sex offender

Reports

Rights of child in court

S164 of CPA Act 1977

Sentencing

Sentencing child pornography

Sentencing in attempted rape

Sentencing in child pornography

Sentencing in child rape

Sentencing in gang rape

Sentencing in rape cases

Sentencing in sexual offences cases

Sentencing in trafficking cases

Sentencing of sex offender

Sex offender typologies

Sex offenders

Sex offending

Sexting

Sexual and Gender-based Violence

Sexual assault

Sexual assault by mother’s boyfriend

Sexual assault of 12-year-old

Sexual exploitation of child

Sexual exploitation of children

Sexual violence

Single witnesses

Social networking sites

Socio-emotional development

Special accommodations for persons with disabilities in court

Special skills for prosecutors and magistrates in child sexual offences cases

Stages of Development

Stages of Disclosure

Stages of grooming

Substantial and compelling circumstances

Substantial and compelling factors

Suggestibility

Support Person

Symptoms of Rape Trauma Syndrome

Therapy order

Trafficking in Persons for Sexual Purposes

Trauma counselling for complainant

Trauma impact

Trauma of testifying

Trauma-informed approach

Traumatising cross-examination

Treatment of child witnesses in court

UN Convention on Rights of the Child

Understanding Child Witnesses

Undue mental stress or suffering

Victim impact statements

Victims’ rights

Violence against children

Warrant based on statement made under oath

Warrant to search for pornography

Webinars

What constitutes competency examination

When can higher court interfere with sentence imposed by lower court

Witness assistance

Youth as a mitigating factor
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150 documents

Title	Jurisdiction			Date
Implementation of the New Five-Paper CBA Syllabus (2026) and Transitional Arrangements for 2026/2027 Examinations		Legal Practice Council	Official Notice	11 December 2025
Updated Dates for Examinations: 2026		Legal Practice Council	Official Notice	28 November 2025
Smart Contracts		University of Cape Town	Presentation	26 August 2024
Section 18 Confiscation Orders		University of Cape Town	Presentation	8 July 2024
Unconstitutionally Obtained Evidence		University of Cape Town	Presentation	10 June 2024
Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-related Information Amendment Bill, B28B-2023			Document	3 November 2023
Public Compliance Communication No. 47A (PCC 47A): Guidance on the interpretation of legal practitioners, item 1 of schedule 1 to the Financial Intelligence Centre Act, 2001 (Act 38 of 2001) and potential risk indicators		Financial Intelligence Center	Public Compliance Communication (PCC)	17 October 2023
Legal Approaches to Evidentiary Challenges in Money Laundering Prosecutions and Confiscation Proceedings – A Constitutional Review		EU Global Facility on Anti Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism	Research Report	1 October 2023
Directive 8/2023: Threshold amounts related to the revised standardised and internal ratings-based approaches for credit risk and the liquidity risk framework		South African Reserve Bank	Directive	28 September 2023
FSCA INS Notice 13 of 2023: Exemption of Abacus Insurance Company Limited from aspects of Rules 13.4 and 13.5 of the Policyholder Protection Rules (Short-term Insurance Act), 2017		Financial Sector Conduct Authority	FSCA Notice	30 August 2023
Directive 7/2023: Matters relating to eligible external credit assessment institutions		South African Reserve Bank	Directive	29 August 2023
Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-related Information Amendment Bill, B28-2023			Document	29 August 2023
Directive 6/2023: South African domestic systemically important banks (D-SIBs) to submit consolidated information		South African Reserve Bank	Directive	28 July 2023
Circular 2/2023: Application and interpretation of the requirements to submit a duly completed statement and declaration in the form of a form BA 020		South African Reserve Bank	Circular	25 July 2023
Guidance Note 8: On the Directive for Conduct within the National Payment System in respect of the Financial Action Task Force Recommendations for Electronic Funds Transfers (Directive 1 of 2022) Business, Trade and Industry · Energy and Natural Resources · Environment, Climate and Wildlife · Finance and Money · Public administration			Guidance Note	6 April 2023
Directive 8 of 2023: On screening of employees for competence and integrity and scrutinising of employees against applicable sanctions lists as a money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation financing control measure		Financial Intelligence Center	Directive	31 March 2023
Case Summary: S A v Minister of Home Affairs and Another; S J v Minister of Home Affairs and Another; B I v Minister of Home Affairs and Another	Gauteng	University of Cape Town	Case summary	14 March 2023
A Practical Approach to Evidence for Judicial Officers		Judicial Institute for Africa	Guide	1 March 2023
Case Summary: Ex Parte: Special Investigating Unit; In Re: Special Investigating Unit v Moyo and Another (GP/09/2022) [2023] ZAST 3 (2 February 2023)		University of Cape Town	Case summary	4 February 2023
Case Summary: Special Investigating Unit and Another v LNG Scientific (Pty) Ltd (GP03/2022) [2023] ZAST 4 (3 February 2023)		University of Cape Town	Case summary	4 February 2023
PACOTIP Manual			Manual	1 January 2023
Guide to Motivation for viewing child pornography			Guide	12 December 2022
Guide to Role of Intermediary in South Africa			Guide	12 December 2022
Guide to Trauma informed approach to VAWG			Guide	12 December 2022
Guide to Online Grooming of Children			Guide	11 December 2022
Context of Covid-19 and its implications for children			Document	10 December 2022
Gude to Guidelines for Medico-Legal Care of Victims of Sexual Violence			Guide	10 December 2022
Guide to Court Accommodations for People with Disabilities			Guide	10 December 2022
Guide to Adolescents and Sexting			Guide	9 December 2022
Guide to Brain Development in Adolescents			Guide	9 December 2022
General Laws (Anti-Money Laundering and Combating Terrorism Financing) Amendment Bill, B18B-2022			Document	17 November 2022
Case Summary: S v Nyaku (A212/2018) [2018] ZAFSHC 208 (22 November 2018) 2020 (2) SACR 102 (FB)			Case summary	16 November 2022
Guide to Internet Adolescent Sexuality			Guide	16 November 2022
Guide to Judicial Management in Child Sexual Abuse Cases			Guide	16 November 2022
Guide to Judicial Management of Child Witnesses			Guide	16 November 2022
Guide to Leading the Evidence of a Child Witness in Court			Guide	16 November 2022
Guide to the Role of the Intermediary in South Africa			Guide	16 November 2022
Guide to the Support Person for Child Witnesses			Guide	16 November 2022
Guide to Victim Impact Statements			Guide	16 November 2022
Case Summary: S v SN Case No. CC16/2022 ECD High Court Makhanda			Guide	15 November 2022
Case Summary: X and Others v Bulgaria (European Court of Human Rights, 2 February 2021)			Guide	15 November 2022
Guide to Access to Justice for Persons with Disabilities			Guide	15 November 2022
Guide to Basic Counselling Skills for Legal Professionals			Guide	15 November 2022
Guide to Child Participation and Competency of Children			Guide	15 November 2022
Guide to Implications of Child Development for Evidence in Sexual Offence Cases			Guide	15 November 2022
Guide to Implications of Covid for Violence against Children			Guide	15 November 2022
Guide to Interviewing Sex Offenders			Guide	15 November 2022
Guide to Judicial Accommodations for Child Witnesses			Guide	15 November 2022
Guide to Medical Evidence in Child Sexual Abuse Cases			Guide	15 November 2022
Guide to Specialised Interviewers for Child Witnesses			Guide	15 November 2022