High Court of South Africa Free State, Bloemfontein

The Free State Division of the High Court of South Africa (previously named the Orange Free State Provincial Division and the Free State High Court, and commonly known as the Bloemfontein High Court is a superior court of law with general jurisdiction over the Free state province of South Africa. The division sits at  Bloemfontein.

1,098 judgments
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1,098 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
January 2026
Shopkeeper liable for 70% of slip‑and‑fall damages where ramp was too steep, wet and lacked safety features.
Delict — premises liability; duty of care of shopkeeper to customers at entrance ramp — non‑compliant ramp gradient (SANS 400 D), absence of handrails and anti‑slip measures — causation of slip‑and‑fall injury — contributory negligence and apportionment — admissibility and weight of expert slip‑resistance testing.
22 January 2026
Plaintiff proved engineering-career future loss but failed to prove projected professional rugby career; defendant liable for 90%.
Road Accident Fund — quantum of damages — proof of future loss of earning capacity — contested professional-sport career prospect vs engineering-career scenario — actuarial and industrial-psychology evidence; apportionment 90/10; s 17(4)(a) undertaking; costs.
22 January 2026
Court refused interim interdict restraining trustees’ transfers, finding no clear right and sales valid under insolvency authorisations.
Insolvency law — interim interdict pendente lite restraining trustees from transferring estate assets — requirements for interlocutory interdict; insolvency practice — trustee powers to sell immovable property prior to second meeting where Master gives permission (s 18(3) read with s 80(bis)); auction law — compliance with auction rules and Consumer Protection Act regulations governing deposits, confirmation period and commissions; locus standi of insolvent/reversionary interests; late affidavits (pro non scripto); alleged conflict of interest under Legal Practice Council rule 58.8.
22 January 2026
Applicants failed to show a right to interdict trustees from transferring insolvent estates' property pending a Master's inquiry.
Insolvency law – interim interdict standards – section 152 Master’s powers – sale of assets prior to second meeting (s 18(3)/s 80(bis)/s 82) – auction rules and Consumer Protection Act regulations – trustees’ fiduciary duties and creditors’ directions – locus standi – conflict of interest for practitioners.
22 January 2026
Court enforces personal guarantees and settlement agreement; trust resolution authorising guarantee held valid under the trust deed.
Trust law – interpretation of trust deed – written resolutions and round‑robin clauses (clause 8.5) – unanimous written approval for guarantees (clause 8.6.4) – enforceability of guarantees; Contract/public policy – Barkhuizen approach to contractual fairness and enforcement; Credibility and summary judgment – failure to raise bona fide factual dispute.
22 January 2026
Court made settlement an order under Rule 41, finding no duress and no breach of s35(12) of the Administration of Estates Act.
Civil procedure – Uniform Rule 41 – settlement reduced to writing and unenforced – application for judgment in terms thereof; Contract law – undue influence and duress – threat to sue/continue litigation not contra bonos mores; Administration of Estates Act s35(12) – distinction between judgment recording a claim and execution against estate; Procedural duty – dominus litis to cite/serve Master; Costs – allocation and scales.
22 January 2026
22 January 2026
Fraudulent transfers after a lapsed suspensive sale do not pass ownership; transfers set aside and title restored to the victim.
Transfer of immovable property — suspensive condition lapses if not fulfilled — abstract theory requires registration plus valid real agreement — fraud or forged/defective documents prevent ownership passing despite registration — nemo plus iuris: one cannot transfer better title than one has — fraudulent back-to-back transfers set aside; property restored to original owner.
19 January 2026
Whether termination without prior demand where no time fixed constitutes repudiation and warrants specific performance.
Urgent application – Rule 6(12) – urgency and absence of substantial redress; Contract law – mora ex persona – where no time fixed interpellatio required; Repudiation – premature termination without demand; Specific performance – ordered where termination invalid and damages inadequate; Arbitration clause – does not oust court’s jurisdiction for urgent relief.
19 January 2026
Assessment of future loss of earnings after childhood brain injury; late plea‑amendment/postponement refused, expert reports admitted.
Damages — motor vehicle accident — future loss of earnings; admission of expert affidavits and medico‑legal reports (Rule 38(2) and s3(1) LOEAA); refusal of late application to amend plea/postpone; assessment and application of contingencies in actuarial calculation.
19 January 2026
Court awarded R1,100,000 general damages to applicant after accepting unchallenged expert evidence of multiple serious injuries.
Road Accident Fund claim – determination of general damages – acceptance and weight of unchallenged expert reports – assessment of non-patrimonial loss (brain injury, orthopaedic injury, sensorineural hearing loss, neurogenic bladder) – judicial discretion in quantum – costs and interest provisions.
16 January 2026
Provisional liquidation granted where statutory demand was served, payment-arrangement request did not show bona fide dispute, and lis pendens did not apply.
Companies Act — Provisional liquidation — s 344–345 Old Act/schedule 5 of New Act — statutory letter of demand (s 69(1)(a)) — bona fide dispute requirement — lis pendens/lis alibi pendens — amendment of citation following conversion from CC to Pty Ltd — costs in liquidation.
16 January 2026
Head-on collision caused by insured crossing centre line; plaintiff partly negligent, damages apportioned 70/30 in plaintiff's favour.
Road Accident Fund liability – head-on collision – vehicle crossing centre line – contributory negligence for failure to keep proper lookout – apportionment of damages 70/30 – caution in undefended RAF matters.
15 January 2026
Court varied its prior judgment mero motu to correct omission and awarded costs, including counsel on scale B.
Civil procedure – variation of judgment under Uniform Rule 42(1)(b) – mero motu correction of accessory or consequential omissions – costs follow the result – Firestone principle applied.
14 January 2026
Appellant’s condonation for a six‑month late notice of appeal dismissed due to gross non‑compliance and inadequate explanation.
Civil procedure — condonation for late notice of appeal — gross non‑compliance with court rules; defective condonation filed in magistrates’ court (Magistrates’ Courts rule 60(5)(a)); rescission of default judgment — requirement to disclose grounds of defence (Magistrates’ Courts rule 49(3)); prospects of success weighed against delay and prejudice; respondent’s short delay in filing answering affidavit condoned.
14 January 2026
Summary judgment refused where defendants disclosed bona fide triable defences and a substantial counterclaim.
Civil procedure – Summary judgment – Requirement that defendant fully disclose nature, grounds and material facts of a bona fide defence – Illiquidity and absence of annexed price schedule/delivery notes – Certificate of balance and founding affidavit by legal practitioner – Counterclaim for unjustified enrichment.
8 January 2026
December 2025
Condonation and leave to appeal refused for inordinate delay, lack of prospects, and absent locus standi.
Civil procedure — condonation for late filing — Melane/Grootboom factors; Leave to appeal — s 17 Superior Courts Act — reasonable prospects of success; Locus standi — effect of final liquidation on director's capacity; Costs — personal costs order (party-and-party).
29 December 2025
A duplicate theft conviction was set aside and the matter remitted for sentencing on the substantive housebreaking count.
Criminal law — Duplication of convictions — Splitting a single substantive offence into multiple counts — Special review under s 116(3) — Setting aside duplicated conviction and remitting for sentencing.
19 December 2025
Condonation for 21-day late statutory notice refused because prospects of success were lacking and state would be prejudiced.
Institution of Legal Proceedings against Certain Organs of State Act s 3(4) – condonation for late notice – conjunctive requirements: no prescription, good cause, no unreasonable prejudice – prospects of success relevant to good cause – malicious arrest, detention and prosecution claims – service on correct organ of state.
18 December 2025
Appeal dismissed: conviction and life sentence upheld after proper evaluation of evidence and sentencing discretion.
Criminal law – Sexual offences – Evaluation of complainant’s credibility and need for caution – Corroboration by sibling and accused’s statement – Sentencing – Substantial and compelling circumstances under S v Malgas – Life imprisonment for rape of a minor by a parent.
18 December 2025
Hospital records and related documentation constituted substantial compliance with s 24, so the Fund's special pleas were dismissed.
Road Accident Fund Act s 24 – procedure for lodging claims – substantial compliance – medical report requirements (s 24(2)(a)) – hospital records as substantial compliance – s 24(5) objection within 60 days – special pleas of non‑compliance, prematurity and prescription dismissed.
17 December 2025
A notice of bar is irregular where the respondent’s attorney’s authority is disputed under rule 7(1) until court determination.
Procedure — Uniform Rules of Court — Rule 7(1): dispute of attorney’s authority — court must be satisfied of authority; filing power of attorney not automatically dispositive. Rule 30: irregular steps — notice of bar set aside. Rule 22(1): 20-day pleading period postponed until court determination of authority.
12 December 2025
Notice of bar served while attorney authority was disputed is irregular; court must be satisfied of authority before further steps.
Civil procedure — Uniform Rules of Court — Rule 7(1) — disputed authority of attorney — court must be satisfied of authority before attorney may act; production of power of attorney or interlocutory proceeding may be required. Civil procedure — Rule 30 — irregular steps — setting aside notice of bar served while authority disputed. Civil procedure — Rule 22(1) — time for plea/exception runs from day after court determines authority.
12 December 2025
Contempt application failed because the municipality’s non‑compliance was not proved willful or mala fide beyond reasonable doubt.
Civil contempt — consent order — requirements: existence, service, non‑compliance, willfulness and mala fides beyond reasonable doubt — Plascon‑Evans evidential approach — settlement as court order does not per se bar other remedies — practical impediments to performance (encumbrances, bond terms, costs) may raise reasonable doubt.
11 December 2025
Contempt not proved beyond reasonable doubt; maintenance and related disputes referred to the Maintenance Court, each party to bear own costs.
Maintenance orders – contempt of court – requirements of existence, service, disobedience, wilfulness and mala fides – Plascon‑Evans rule – financial incapacity and change of circumstances – referral to Maintenance Court under Maintenance Act – best interests of children and inappropriate use of High Court to resolve parental acrimony.
9 December 2025
Genuine factual disputes on existence and terms of an alleged partnership required referral to oral evidence; late reply condoned.
Civil procedure – motion proceedings vs action – material disputes of fact – Rule 6(5)(g) referral to oral evidence; Partnership law – requirements for (universal/ordinary) partnership between spouses married out of community; Admissibility of new evidence in reply – introduction of bank statement (annexure "ISA 08") and discretionary grant of leave to file further affidavit.
5 December 2025
Whether RAF breached judgment by failing to pay interest and taxed costs and whether contempt orders should be enforced.
Road Accident Fund — failure to pay interest and taxed costs under judgment — typographical/identity‑number error in pleadings — bona fide clerical mistake — contempt proceedings against CEO and execution of suspended sentence — rescission application to set aside prior orders — costs.
5 December 2025
Failure to appear on bail is a statutory offence under s67A requiring a formal charge and trial; summary inquiry impermissible.
Criminal Procedure Act s67A – failure to appear on bail – statutory offence – requirement for formal charge-sheet and full trial – summary inquiry impermissible – State to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
5 December 2025
Court applied a 10% post‑morbid contingency and awarded the plaintiff R283,756 for future loss of earnings.
Road Accident Fund – quantum – future loss of earnings – contingency deductions – admissibility of uncontested expert and actuarial evidence – court’s discretionary assessment based on claimant’s personal circumstances.
5 December 2025
The applicant was partly negligent; the respondent liable for 75% of proven damages.
Road traffic negligence – two-lane straight road – potholes causing oncoming heavy vehicle to veer across centre line – weight of witness estimates and photographs – duty of driver on correct side to take reasonable evasive action – sudden emergency principle considered – apportionment of damages 75/25 in favour of plaintiff.
3 December 2025
Court dismissed review of Master's withdrawal of s18(3) letters, directing Chief Master to review under s95.
Administration of Estates Act – section 18(3) small estates procedure – issuance and withdrawal of letters of authority; section 95 Chief Master's review as primary remedy; inapplicability of section 54 to section 18(3) representatives; duty to disclose assets and descendants; potential need for executor dative.
3 December 2025
November 2025
Majority shareholder validly removed a co-director under s 71; court confirmed resolution and ordered bank to unfreeze account.
Companies Act s 71 – removal of director – notice and opportunity to be heard required; Motion procedure – supplementary affidavits require leave – Uniform Rule 6; Lis pendens and CIPC proceedings – record-keeping role of CIPC; Urgent relief to unfreeze company bank account.
28 November 2025
Leave to appeal granted on whether large‑scale money‑laundering proceeds may be restrained and confiscated under POCA.
Criminal procedure — Restraint orders under POCA — Whether extensive money‑laundering proceeds (c. R522m) are sufficiently related to charged offences (s 18(1)(c)) to be restrained/confiscated; presumption in s 22(3) POCA; interplay with business rescue and release of restrained property; leave to appeal to SCA.
28 November 2025
Applicant proved dangerous U‑turn but was 20% contributorily negligent; respondent liable for 80%.
Road Accident Fund Act s 24 — substantial compliance with RAF1 claim form — special pleas dismissed where respondent failed to place facta probantia or agree a stated case; Evidence — single witness inconsistencies and evaluation on probabilities; Delict — dangerous U‑turn as cause; contributory negligence and apportionment (80/20); costs (merits, inclusive of counsel on scale B).
27 November 2025
Leave to appeal dismissed—municipal council unlawfully terminated employment in breach of contract and natural justice.
Judicial review – leave to appeal refused – municipal council’s termination of senior manager unlawful and invalid for breach of employment contract and audi alteram partem; High Court jurisdiction for legality review not ousted by CCMA clause; procedural irregularities immaterial or correctable.
27 November 2025
Applicant failed to prove fitness for readmission, attacked a long-standing striking-off order; application dismissed with costs.
Readmission as attorney — onus to prove genuine, complete and permanent reformation — trust account mismanagement and outstanding AFF liabilities — attacking prior striking-off order after long delay — conduct in proceedings and lack of candour.
27 November 2025
Applicant’s proposed amendment refused because draft particulars were vague on instalments and interest, causing prejudice.
Civil procedure — Amendment of pleadings (Rule 28) — Judicial discretion and Moolman principles — Delay and trial‑related prejudice — Pleadings must comply with Rule 18: clear, concise and particular statement of material facts — Interest claims and alleged withdrawal of admissions — Rectification of contract schedules and annexures.
26 November 2025
Application to compel municipal invoice payment dismissed due to lis pendens and abuse of process; punitive costs awarded.
Administrative law – Mandamus under s 65(2)(e) MFMA – lis pendens – abuse of process for failing to disclose pending action – pending action between same parties and same cause bars subsequent proceedings.
25 November 2025
Applicants failed to show reasonable prospects of success against a summary judgment; leave to appeal dismissed with costs.
Civil procedure – Leave to appeal – s 17(1)(a)(i) Superior Courts Act – test of reasonable prospects of success; Summary judgment – bona fide defence and triable issue; Affidavits – sufficiency of deponent’s personal knowledge; Corporate deponent may rely on company records; Rees v Investec Bank considered; Validity of section 129 notices.
25 November 2025
Leave to appeal refused: settlement order confined disputes to accounting issues and bars relitigation of the agreement’s legality.
Civil procedure — settlement agreement made an order of court — interpretation of settlement terms — scope limited to accounting/debatement disputes — settlement order estops relitigation of settled substantive claims; leave to appeal requires reasonable prospects of success.
24 November 2025
Leave to appeal refused: no reasonable prospects of success or compelling reason to disturb costs and urgency rulings.
Civil procedure – leave to appeal – Superior Courts Act s 17(1) – requirement of reasonable prospect of success or compelling reason; costs orders – trial court’s wide discretion and appellate reluctance to interfere; urgency – criteria for enrollment on urgent roll and removal from urgent roll.
24 November 2025
Applicant failed to show reasonable prospects or compelling reasons to appeal removal from urgent roll and costs order.
Civil procedure — Leave to appeal — Section 17(1) Superior Courts Act — reasonable prospects of success threshold — removal from urgent roll — discretion as to costs — absence of misdirection or compelling reasons.
24 November 2025
s319 reservation dismissed: proposed questions were factual, insufficiently particular, or would have no practical effect on acquittals.
Criminal procedure — s 319 CPA — reservation of questions of law — strict requirements: accurate framing, factual basis in record, practical effect on acquittal — distinction between law and fact — best evidence rule and admissibility of documents — adverse inferences and duty to call witnesses (s 186) — adequacy of reasons and findings (s 146A; s 34 Constitution).
21 November 2025
Negligent travel-claim error, not proven deliberate dishonesty, did not render applicant unfit to be admitted as a legal practitioner.
Admission to the roll — fitness to practise — dismissal for gross dishonesty arising from negligent travel-claim error — disclosure obligations — negligence versus deliberate dishonesty — remorse/admission of guilt not prerequisite where innocence maintained.
20 November 2025
A negligent, inadvertent travel-claim error did not amount to deliberate dishonesty and did not bar admission as a legal practitioner.
Admission as legal practitioner – fit and proper person inquiry – prior disciplinary dismissal for gross dishonesty – negligent error vs deliberate dishonesty – disclosure obligations and requirement to admit guilt/remorse – costs where respondent acts as custos morum.
20 November 2025
Renewed bail application failed: alleged new facts insufficient under s60(11)(b); appeal dismissed.
Criminal procedure — Bail — Renewed bail application based on alleged new facts — Meaning and limits of "new facts" — Section 60(11)(b) interests of justice — Evidence known but not previously presented — Appellate review of magistrate's discretion under s65(4).
20 November 2025
Condonation of late notice under Act 40 of 2002 granted; each party ordered to pay their own costs.
Condonation – Institution of Legal Proceedings against Certain Organs of State Act 40 of 2002 s 3(1) – unopposed condonation on merits – costs: punitive (attorney and client) costs not warranted; where delay adequately explained and no prejudice, each party often to pay own costs.
20 November 2025
Urgency refused and application struck from the roll because the applicant created its own urgency; costs awarded to the respondent.
Urgent application — self-created urgency — Rule 6(12) Uniform Rules — interim interdict to restrain municipal enforcement of by-law — pendente lite constitutional challenge.
19 November 2025
A PAJA review brought after 180 days without s9 condonation is incompetent and dismissed; estate ordered to pay costs.
Administrative law — PAJA s7 (180-day time limit) — PAJA s9 (extension/condonation) — inordinate delay — interest of justice — review application dismissed as time-barred.
17 November 2025
Court applies a 20% contingency deduction to future loss of earnings from a knee injury; RAF ordered to pay R824,200.
Damages — personal injury — assessment of future loss of earnings — contingency deduction — municipal employment context, occupational and industrial psychological evidence, knee injury prognosis — 20% contingency deduction applied; RAF liable for general and future loss; past medicals postponed.
14 November 2025