High Court of South Africa South Gauteng, Johannesburg - 2025 September

120 judgments

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120 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
September 2025
Applicant’s challenge to voluntary winding-up and request to force a creditors’ compromise was dismissed; winding-up valid and compromise unsanctionable.
Company law – voluntary winding-up – validity of winding-up resolution – director’s fiduciary duties – Statement of Affairs timing – section 155 compromise procedure – court cannot impose compromise on creditors.
17 September 2025
An arbitral award must be made an order of court unless set aside on the limited statutory grounds in s 33.
Arbitration Act – s 31(1) award may be made an order of court – s 33 limited grounds to set aside award – errors of law not ordinarily gross irregularity – effluxion of time and contractual clause allowing extension – public policy and capacity defenses for arbitration.
17 September 2025
Leave to appeal dismissed: no reasonable prospects, factual disputes unavailable after absence of answering affidavit; costs attorney-and-client.
Rule 6(5)(d)(iii) – reliance on notice without answering affidavit means founding affidavit’s averments are taken as established; disputes of fact cannot thereafter be raised; lis alibi pendens – cannot be invoked where related issues are factual and no opposing version is placed on affidavit; Superior Courts Act s 17 – leave to appeal requires reasonable prospects or compelling reasons; lease interpretation – jurisdiction clause construed to permit proceedings in any competent court; costs – contractual attorney-and-client costs upheld; procedural delay – unacceptable registrar/respondent delay noted.
17 September 2025
Court postponed Rule 46A execution application pending full factual supplementation and assistance to secure legal representation.
Rule 46A – execution against primary residence – proportionality enquiry – applicant’s duty to place material factual developments before court – entitlement to legal aid/pro bono assistance in civil proceedings affecting constitutional right to housing – supplementation of papers and postponement sine die.
16 September 2025
Contextual construction found Canfleet intended as debtor; no prima facie fraud or s424 liability, appeal dismissed.
Contract interpretation — contextual approach to inconsistent agreements; "division" as drafting anomaly versus separate juristic entity; waiver and acquiescence by conduct; fraudulent misrepresentation — requirements and absence of prima facie case; section 424(1) Companies Act — no proof of reckless or fraudulent trading.
16 September 2025
Photographer (via employer) retained copyright; influencer’s unauthorised commercial use infringed copyright—reduced usage damages awarded.
Copyright – ownership of photographs – s21(1)(c) may be excluded by agreement (s21(1)(e)); Authorship of photographs – ‘composition of the photograph’ denotes the photographer’s role (angle, lighting, timing, editing); Originality – photograph requiring skill, judgment or labour; Infringement – commercial use without licence; Damages – proven usage fee, excluding unproven or inflated items; s24(2) knowledge/ignorance defence assessed on evidence.
16 September 2025
Court finds respondent in contempt for failing to record the applicant on the child’s birth certificate and enforces contact via parenting coordinator and sanctions.
Family law – enforcement of parenting and administrative orders – contempt for failure to record a parent on a birth certificate; coercive suspended custodial sentence. Family law – breach of contact order – declaration of non‑compliance, variation of contact timetable and appointment of parenting coordinator and therapist. Children’s interests – prevention of parentification and alienation; appointment of professionals and cost‑sharing (70% applicant/30% respondent). Costs – respondent ordered to pay applicant’s costs on party‑and‑party scale inclusive of counsel (Scale B).
16 September 2025
Estate entitled to recover past medical expenses despite medical scheme payments; SCA precedent Bane v D'Ambrosi is binding.
Road Accident Fund liability — recoverability of past hospital and medical expenses paid by a medical scheme; payments by medical schemes are res inter alios acta (Bane v D'Ambrosi) — hearsay objections defeated by confirmatory affidavits — stay/postponement requires substantive application and proper notice.
15 September 2025
Applicant entitled to transfer; municipality's delayed, unexplained reactive review and lack of factual foundation dismissed.
Municipal law – Disposal of municipal land – Unsolicited bids – Compliance with MFMA and Municipal Supply Chain Management Regulation 37; Condonation for delay in reactive review – requirement of full and honest explanation; Specific performance – transfer of immovable property where purchaser paid – sheriff authorised to sign if municipality defaults; Review – factual foundation required to set aside sale.
15 September 2025
Rescission refused where applicant failed to prove lack of notice and service complied with rule 4A.
Rule 42(1)(a) – rescission of judgments allegedly granted in absence of a party; electronic service – compliance with rule 4A by transmitting to address selected by party; no duty to obtain read receipt; necessity to plead and prove lack of notice in founding affidavit; unproven informal arrangements cannot defeat valid electronic service.
15 September 2025
Rescission refused where domicilium service was effective and the guarantor lacked a bona fide defence.
Civil procedure — rescission of default judgment — service at nominated domicilium by affixing process — effectiveness of domicilium service; rescission criteria (Chetty) — reasonable explanation, bona fide defence with prospects of success, bona fides; guarantees — obligations of guarantor and public policy challenge to enforcement; condonation for late filing — interest of justice.
15 September 2025
The respondent’s motion for monetary judgment in a pending action was set aside as an irregular step; s173 was not established.
Rule 30 – irregular step – application for monetary judgment in pending action; inherent jurisdiction (s173) – sparing exercise, two-stage enquiry; amendment of title does not cure substantive irregularity; protection against prejudice and impairment of substantive rights; costs on scale C.
15 September 2025
An application for motion judgment in a pending action was an irregular step; s173 not available absent a clear procedural lacuna.
Civil procedure – Rule 30 irregular step – motion for judgment in pending action – scope of Rule 30; Inherent jurisdiction (s173) – sparing exercise, requires clear lacuna and specifics for developing procedure/common law; prejudice to trial rights and section 34 rights; amendment of application title immaterial.
15 September 2025
Allegation of identity theft and misread bank statements created a bona fide triable defence; summary judgment refused.
Summary judgment — bona fide defence — identity theft allegation and denial of signature — triable issue requiring refusal of summary judgment; Plea v affidavit — facta probanda vs facta probantia — no contradiction; Misinterpretation of bank statements — opening balances vs repayments; Appeal — interference with discretion only for misdirection or unreasonable decision.
15 September 2025
Payment misdirected via probable email tampering does not discharge the debtor; debtor must verify and remains liable.
Settlement agreement – disputed electronic versions and bank account details – possible business e‑mail compromise/spoofed address – disputed signature and alleged tampering. Payment law – payment into wrong account due to interception does not discharge debt – risk lies with debtor. Duty to verify banking instructions before payment – failure to verify renders debtor liable for unpaid instalment, interest and costs. Electronic file management – practitioners must properly manage CaseLines records; non‑compliance may attract adverse cost orders.
15 September 2025
Interim Rule 43 order extended in toto, but sleepover contact deferred pending social worker’s report and children's best interests.
Children’s Act – Rule 43 interim orders – extension of interim maintenance and contact orders pending final determination – best interests paramount – sleepover contact deferred pending social worker’s report – variation of parenting plan/order requires appropriate process (VN v MD considered).
15 September 2025
Quantum for the applicant's 15‑hour unlawful arrest and detention assessed at R40,000 as fair solatium.
Delict — Unlawful arrest and detention — quantification of solatium; factors to consider: duration and manner of arrest, publicity, cell conditions, risk to safety, stigma; comparative authorities (Seymour, Motladile, Mbata, Diljan) — courts must balance protection of liberty and dignity with avoiding extravagant awards.
15 September 2025
Guarantor’s procedural challenges to enforcement dismissed; NCA inapplicable and factual points unproven, judgment and costs awarded to the bank.
Enforcement of guarantees; National Credit Act inapplicability where principal debtor is juristic person above thresholds; tacit relocation requires proof of acceptance of payments; validity of bank demand construed as claim for shortfall; onus on respondent to substantiate factual disputes; court may refuse belated affidavits sought for delay; attorney-and-client costs recoverable under agreements.
15 September 2025
Applicant failed to show good cause for condonation of late rescission; application dismissed with costs.
Family law – rescission of divorce order – condonation for late rescission under Rule 31(2)(b) – factors for condonation (nature of relief, extent and cause of delay, reasonableness of explanation, prejudice, prospects of success) – common-law rescission test (reasonable explanation, bona fides, prima facie defence).
15 September 2025
Leave to appeal refused: applicant lacked reasonable prospects and no compelling reason to hear appeal.
Appeal — leave to appeal — s 17 Superior Courts Act — reasonable prospects of success required; Contract — warehousing and distribution — claim for specific performance; Abandonment of counterclaim — effect on appeal prospects; Costs — costs follow the event — Scale C awarded.
15 September 2025
Final interdict granted to restrain racially derogatory and defamatory publications; truth and free-expression defences rejected.
Defamation and interim/final interdict — defamatory and racially charged communications via email — truth and freedom of expression defences — contextual, objective test for racist/derogatory meaning — urgency and final interdict to protect reputation and dignity — punitive costs awarded.
13 September 2025
Court stayed part of CSOS adjudicator’s order pending appeal and directed 2020 conduct rules to apply.
Community schemes — short-term letting — validity and amendment of conduct rules under STSMA s10 — CSOS adjudicator’s powers — appeal on question of law under s57 CSOS Act — stay pending appeal — application of s18 Superior Courts Act and Rule 45A — joinder and condonation — strike-out under Rule 6(15) — civil contempt requirements (service, non-compliance, wilfulness).
12 September 2025
An unlawful occupier’s defence to eviction failed under PIE where a TEA report and balancing of interests made eviction just and equitable.
PIE Act – eviction of unlawful occupier – two‑pronged just and equitable enquiry – balancing occupier’s personal circumstances against lawful leaseholder’s property rights. Temporary emergency accommodation (TEA) reports – evidentiary weight where based on occupier’s own statements – relevance to PIE defences. Costs – award of party‑and‑party costs including counsel’s fees where counsel acted pro bono; cession of costs under s92(1) Legal Practice Act.
12 September 2025
Applicant’s urgent application to reinstate expelled children was struck from the roll for self-created lack of urgency.
Urgency – Uniform Rule 6(12); self-created urgency; minor children’s constitutional rights (s 28(2)) do not render matters urgent per se; availability of alternative remedies (public schooling, legal aid); discretion as to costs where poverty and children implicated.
12 September 2025
Applicant granted continuation of home-related payments, medical aid, vehicle provision and R400,000 legal-cost contribution pendente lite; many annexures struck out.
Family law — Rule 43 (pendente lite) — interim spousal maintenance, protection of jointly owned former matrimonial home, medical aid and cellphone provision, vehicle provision or equivalent, contribution to legal costs; striking out excessive or irrelevant affidavit annexures and costs consequences.
12 September 2025
An applicant may obtain a tailored interdict against third‑party approaches that unlawfully jeopardise a development, while preserving lawful litigation rights.
Commercial law – unlawful interference with business relations – direct approaches to funders and third parties as unjustified intrusion; Interim relief – tailored interdicts and undertakings – balancing protection of commercial project with right to pursue lawful litigation; Harassment and intimidation – scope of relief where threats create leverage but are ambiguously framed as ‘litigation’; Relief – prohibitions on contacting specified stakeholders, misuse of confidential information, proximity restriction; Costs – undertakings that are incomplete justify continued litigation and costs award.
12 September 2025
Applicant granted urgent interdict restraining respondents from obstructing removal of company assets and ordering their return.
Urgent interim relief – interdict to prevent interference with removal of company assets. Corporate governance – validity of board resolution, round‑robin resolution and ratification to authorise urgent litigation. Property and possession – order for return of removed assets and sheriff authorization (with SAPS) to attach and deliver. Costs – award of costs on Scale C against first respondent.
11 September 2025
Court grants tailored final interdicts enforcing restraints and confidentiality against former employees and a competing company.
Restraint of trade; confidentiality and trade secrets; urgency and self‑created urgency; adequacy of damages vs interdict; National Credit Act defence inadequately pleaded; disputes of fact in motion proceedings; tailoring and proportionality of restraints.
11 September 2025
Perfection order and seizure of assets created sufficient urgency to warrant provisional winding-up despite limited opposition.
• Company law – provisional winding-up – urgency in insolvency proceedings – perfection order and seizure of assets as trigger for urgency. • Civil procedure – urgent applications – respondent must present case in one answering affidavit; no piecemeal further affidavits. • Insolvency – competing claims to movable assets – role of liquidator to investigate and secure assets.
11 September 2025
Liquidation vests assets in liquidators who may obtain possession to satisfy instalment-creditor rights despite prior in personam family orders.
Insolvency and liquidation – assets vest in liquidator – liquidator’s duty to collect and realise assets – instalment sale agreements under s 84 Insolvency Act creating hypothec – liquidator obliged to obtain possession to deliver to instalment creditor; Family/divorce orders (Rule 43) are in personam and do not bind liquidators or defeat liquidators’ statutory rights; rei vindicatio judgment between prior parties does not preclude liquidator’s statutory remedies.
10 September 2025
Court dismisses leave to appeal in boundary wall encroachment dispute, confirming compensation rather than demolition as a just remedy.
Civil procedure – Leave to appeal – Encroachment – Court’s discretion – Monetary compensation versus removal – Stringent test for leave to appeal – Appellate restraint – Section 17(1) Superior Courts Act – Boundary wall dispute.
9 September 2025
Application for leave to appeal against summary judgment dismissed due to lack of reasonable prospects of success and insufficient factual defence.
Leave to appeal – summary judgment – compliance with Rule 18(6) of High Court Rules – bona fide defence – reckless lending – amendment of pleadings – prospects of success on appeal.
9 September 2025
An applicant creditor may seek winding up based on commercial insolvency, relying solely on the indemnity agreement for locus standi.
Company law – liquidation – standing to apply for winding up – creditor rights – interpretation of indemnity and guarantee agreements – locus standi derived from indemnity agreement and not guarantee agreement – respondent not party to guarantee agreement – commercial insolvency.
9 September 2025
Proceedings vitiated where the accused was not legally represented by an authorised practitioner, necessitating a fresh trial.
Criminal procedure – right to legal representation – accused not represented by authorised attorney – vitiation of proceedings – conviction and sentence set aside – retrial ordered.
9 September 2025
Leave to appeal against dismissal of a contempt application refused for lack of prospects and urgency or compelling reason.
Applications for leave to appeal – Superior Courts Act s 17 – contempt of court – urgency – prospects of success – what constitutes compelling reasons for leave to appeal – mens rea for contempt – delay and engagement in settlement impacting urgency.
8 September 2025
Removal of executor for grave breaches of fiduciary duty, maladministration, and conflict of interest to protect estate beneficiaries.
Deceased estates – removal of executor – section 54(1)(a)(v) Administration of Estates Act 66 of 1965 – dereliction of duty, maladministration, fraud, conflict of interest – Plascon-Evans rule – sufficiency of evidence for removal – irreparable breakdown of relationship between co-executrixes imperilling proper administration – appointment of independent executor.
8 September 2025
A court granted an eviction order against unlawful occupiers, finding insufficient evidence of potential homelessness or alternative accommodation steps.
Eviction – Unlawful occupation – Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act (PIE) – Lawfulness of occupation – Just and equitable standard – Homelessness – Onus on occupier to establish relevant personal circumstances – Delay to accommodate minor child.
7 September 2025
A party cannot advance delictual claims for breach of duties arising solely from a contractual relationship.
Civil Procedure – Amendments to pleadings – Distinction between delictual and contractual remedies – When delictual claims are available in contractual relationships – Prescription – Rule 18(10) quantification of damages.
7 September 2025
Conflicting High Court judgments on the reviewability of Legal Practice Council decisions justify granting leave to appeal to the full court.
Civil procedure – Leave to appeal – Section 17(1)(a) of the Superior Courts Act – Conflicting judgments as compelling reason to grant leave – Review threshold of Legal Practice Council decisions – Legal certainty.
7 September 2025
Applicant's rights under a share cession lapsed on repayment of debt, precluding any right to interdict a shareholder meeting.
Company law – Cession of shares – Out-and-out cession versus cession in securitatem debiti – Repayment of underlying debt and effect on shareholder rights – Standing to interdict shareholder meetings – Companies Act procedural requirements – Urgent interdicts.
5 September 2025
The court dismissed an application for rescission under Rule 42, finding no patent error or mistake common to the parties.
Civil Procedure – Rescission under Rule 42 – Requirements for rescission – Patent error or omission – Mistake common to the parties – Judicial discretion in awarding costs – Distinction between rescission and appeal.
5 September 2025
Application for employment-related breach of contract dismissed due to unresolved disputes of fact and inadequate pleadings.
Labour law – Contractual claims distinct from unfair dismissal – Lis pendens – Material disputes of fact – Motion proceedings – Breach of contract – Procedural defects – Costs
5 September 2025
Appeal against minimum sentence for premeditated murder dismissed due to lack of exceptional circumstances and absence of remorse.
Criminal law – sentencing – premeditated murder and assault with intent to do grievous bodily harm – minimum sentence legislation – personal circumstances and prospects of rehabilitation – absence of substantial and compelling circumstances to deviate from prescribed sentence – absence of remorse – impact on victims.
5 September 2025
Court dismisses application alleging procedural irregularity from dual electronic case numbers and directs defendant to plead within 20 days.
Civil procedure – Irregular step – Electronic case management – Duplicate case numbers and profiles – Practice Directives for Court Online platform – Whether error in issuing and electronic filing constitutes an irregular step – No prejudice to opposing party – Application for relief dismissed.
5 September 2025
Application to recover alleged loan dismissed for failure to prove existence of agreement and attempt to resolve factual dispute on motion.
Civil procedure – motion proceedings – requirements for existence of contract – failure to make out case in founding affidavit – dispute of fact – loan agreement – punitive costs order.
5 September 2025
The High Court lacks power to grant leave to appeal its own appellate decisions, and applicant showed no prospects on review appeal.
Appeals – Leave to appeal – Competency of High Court to grant leave to appeal against its own appellate decision – Section 16(1)(b) of Superior Courts Act 10 of 2013 – Prospects of success in review matters.
5 September 2025
State granted leave to appeal magistrate’s decision granting bail where burden of proof and evaluation of exceptional circumstances were disputed.
Criminal procedure – Bail pending trial – Section 60(11)(a) of the Criminal Procedure Act – Burden of proof for exceptional circumstances – Assessment of circumstantial evidence – State’s obligation to disclose strength of case – Standard of proof in bail hearings – Appealability of bail decisions by the State.
5 September 2025
A homeowners association may hold virtual meetings if effective participation is ensured, but valid member objections require meetings be held in person.
Company Law – Homeowners association – Virtual shareholder/member meetings – Right of members to object to virtual meetings – Companies Act 71 of 2008 s 63(2) – Interpretation of Memorandum of Incorporation – Validity of resolutions taken at improperly convened meetings – Special developer voting rights (veto) – Oppressive conduct – Non-joinder.
4 September 2025
Leave to appeal dismissed where defendant failed to show prospects that appeal court would differ on authorization of disputed bank transactions.
Civil procedure – Leave to appeal – Reasonable prospects of success – Bank liability – Authority of signatories to transact – Raising new defences on appeal – Pure economic loss and Aquilian liability – Bank account resolutions – Pleading requirements.
4 September 2025
An applicant who withdrew flawed proceedings, despite early notice, was ordered to pay the respondents' costs on a party and party basis.
Civil Procedure – Costs – Withdrawal of proceedings – Costs follow the event – Exceptional circumstances for deviation – Reasonable belief in standing – Abuse of process.
4 September 2025