High Court of South Africa South Gauteng, Johannesburg - 2025

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1,248 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
December 2025
Urgent interdict granted to restrain and remove defamatory podcast allegations, with retraction, apology, damages hearing and costs on Scale C.
Defamation – urgent interim relief – podcast publication – defamatory allegations of corruption and criminality – fair comment/public interest defence rejected – removal, retraction, apology, undertaking and damages referred to oral evidence – costs on Scale C.
31 December 2025
Respondent held 100% liable; applicant failed to prove future patrimonial loss so default judgment for earnings refused.
Road Accident Fund – motor-vehicle collision caused by dislodged tyre – prima facie negligence of vehicle owner/driver – defendant did not plead contributory negligence – burden and standard for proving future impairment and patrimonial loss – distinction between causation (impairment on balance of probabilities) and quantification of future loss – stale expert reports insufficient – Section 17(4)(a) undertaking ordered – default judgment for loss of earnings refused.
31 December 2025
Plaintiff failed to prove insured driver’s negligence; collision attributed to plaintiff’s failure to keep proper lookout, claim dismissed.
Road Accident Fund — Motor vehicle collision — Negligence and causation — Mutually destructive versions resolved on credibility, reliability and probabilities — Failure to keep proper lookout may constitute sole negligence — Damages on seriousness postponed where RAF fails to elect.
31 December 2025
A peregrinus applicant who left after incriminating findings may be barred from court as a fugitive under clean hands doctrine.
Administrative law – review of Commission report – interlocutory application alleging applicant is a fugitive – clean hands doctrine – virtual commissioning of affidavits: substantial compliance – condonation for late filing – security for costs does not extinguish dismissal relief.
30 December 2025
Arrest, detention and prosecution were lawful where informer tip, consented search and reasonable suspicion supported prosecution; plaintiff’s claims dismissed.
Criminal procedure – Arrest without warrant – s 40(1)(b) CPA – reasonable suspicion based on informer tip, surveillance and consented search; Detention – s 50 CPA – brought before court within 48 hours; Malicious prosecution – requirement of reasonable and probable cause and malice; Prosecutorial discretion – honest belief on reasonable grounds; Costs awarded to defendants.
29 December 2025
Plaintiff awarded R4.31m loss of earnings; RAF 100% liable and ordered to give s17(4)(a) undertaking.
Road Accident Fund Act s17(1), s17(4)(a) – RAF liability for passenger injuries; Default judgment Rule 38(2) after striking out plea; Loss of earnings – actuarial valuation, contingency deductions, application of s17(4)(c) statutory cap; Award of costs including expert and actuarial fees.
24 December 2025
Respondent’s refusal to renew applicant’s membership was unlawful, procedurally unfair, irrational and tainted by bias.
Voluntary association — membership renewal — validity of application — attorney’s letter as renewal application — CPD compliance and remedial discretion — breach of constitution where Board usurps Membership Committee — natural justice (audi alteram partem) — reasonable apprehension of bias (nemo iudex) — review and substitution of decisions — costs on scale C.
24 December 2025
Court reduces actuarial future‑loss award after finding early‑retirement and promotion assumptions speculative; RAF 90% liable.
Road Accident Fund – delictual claim for loss of earnings under s 17 RAF Act – evidence via Rule 38(2) affidavits and expert summaries – orthopaedic, occupational therapy, industrial psychology and actuarial reports – speculative actuarial assumptions concerning early retirement and promotion prospects – court adjusts actuarial assumptions to avoid over‑compensation – award for loss of income and s 17(4)(a) undertaking.
23 December 2025
Whether failure to disclose a protection order justified refusal of bail balancing liberty against community safety.
Criminal procedure — Bail — Material non-disclosure — Failure to disclose existence/service of protection order — Relevance to s65(4) factors and s60(5) prevalence assessment — Balancing accused’s liberty vs community safety.
23 December 2025
Default judgment refused for loss of earnings where plaintiff failed to prove diminished earning capacity; RAF held 100% liable for proven damages.
Road Accident Fund – passenger claim – default judgment – liability of RAF for passenger – proof of loss of earnings/earning capacity – medico-legal, occupational and actuarial evidence – section 17(4)(a) undertaking – costs.
23 December 2025
Absent/divested biological parent is not a necessary party; ordinary residence governs national adoption; s239 non‑recommendation is not dispositive.
Children’s Act – Adoption – Jurisdiction determined by ordinary residence; nationality/immigration irrelevant where child and prospective adopter reside in RSA – Chapter 15 applicable. Joinder – Absent or divested biological parent under s236(1) not a necessary party nor fit as prospective adoptive parent under s231(7). s239(1)(d) letter – Non‑recommendation valid but not dispositive; Children’s Court must consider but is not bound. Urgency – imminent loss of adoptability on majority justifies urgent relief. Separation of powers – Department may not usurp Children’s Court’s decision‑making function.
22 December 2025
Summary judgment dismissed because bona fide jurisdictional and arbitrability defences required trial or arbitration.
Civil procedure — summary judgment — Rule 32(3)(b) — defendant must disclose bona fide defence — jurisdiction by agreement — parties cannot confer jurisdiction absent traditional jurisdictional factors — arbitration clause may survive termination and render dispute arbitrable.
22 December 2025
Defendant liable for 100% of plaintiff’s proven patrimonial loss; 15% of actuarial future earnings awarded.
Delict — causation and quantification of patrimonial loss; loss of earnings/earning capacity; actuarial computation as basis for quantification; contingencies/discount; Rule 38(2) affidavit evidence and section 3(1)(c) hearsay admission of hospital records; Rule 33(4) separation of general damages; section 17(4)(a) RAF undertaking.
20 December 2025
The respondent failed to prove the workshop's conduct caused the motorcycle engine seizure; appeal upheld.
Contractual damages; defective workmanship – causation; expert evidence admissibility and weight; failure to prove causal link between repair procedure and engine seizure; appellate review of factual findings.
19 December 2025
19 December 2025
Attorney must release client’s arbitration file upon adequate trust-held security pending taxation of disputed fees.
Attorney’s lien over client file; substitutionary security adequacy; urgency and self-created urgency; taxation of attorney-and-own-client bill; conditional release of files; costs on scale A.
19 December 2025
Defamation on Facebook established, but damages reduced due to limited publication and lack of proven reputational or business loss.
Defamation — social media publication (Facebook) — proof of extent of publication and quantum of damages — non-pecuniary harm accepted (marital strain) — no proven business or political loss — apology/retraction not ordered where not sought — default judgment.
19 December 2025
Court awarded R2,064,327 for past and future loss of earnings after accepting conservative actuarial projections.
Road Accident Fund – quantum of damages – past and future loss of earnings – uncontested medico‑legal and actuarial evidence under Rule 38(2) – contingency deductions – judicial preference between actuarial reports – default judgment procedure.
19 December 2025
Urgent interdict granted to prevent administrator implementing RFP amendment that excluded hospitals, breaching Regulation 15E(2) and threatening access to care.
Medical schemes/administrators – Request for Proposal – selection and tiering of provider networks – Regulation 15E(2) MSA – administrative action and principle of legality – urgent interim interdict to prevent exclusion of hospitals affecting access to healthcare – adequacy of remedies under ss 47–48 MSA.
19 December 2025
Leave to appeal refused; cross-appeal allowed only on the preliminary prescription issue; costs to be costs in the appeal.
Civil procedure — Leave to appeal — Superior Courts Act s17(1)(a)(i)/(ii) — elevated 'would' threshold requiring reasonable prospect of success — reliance on unpleaded/unargued precedent and statute ineffective — preliminary point in limine of prescription grants leave.
19 December 2025
Whether suspension of a Children’s Court interim contact order was justified; respondent found in contempt for wilful non‑compliance.
Children’s Court interim contact order – suspension/stay – requirements for interim interdict (prima facie right, irreparable harm, balance of convenience) – self‑created urgency – civil contempt for wilful non‑compliance with court orders – coercive relief and leave to seek committal – Family Advocate investigation – costs on scale C; de bonis propriis not ordered.
19 December 2025
The magistrate erred in refusing bail pending appeal by failing to consider special leave and the absence of active prosecution opposition.
Criminal procedure – Bail pending appeal – Onus under s60(4)(a)–(e), s60(8A) and s60(11)(a) – Exceptional circumstances – Magistrate’s failure to consider special leave to appeal and lack of active opposition – Conditions of bail to protect interests of justice.
19 December 2025
Whether leave to appeal an interim interdict restraining execution of a domestic‑violence warrant should be granted absent irreparable harm.
Domestic Violence Act – definition of "economic abuse" – whether refusal to co‑operate in sale of former matrimonial home falls within economic abuse; Interim interdict – appealability of interlocutory orders with no final effect – leave in interests of justice and requirement of irreparable harm; Enforcement of divorce decree – execution or contempt proceedings as appropriate remedies; Lawful use of warrant of arrest issued under protection order.
18 December 2025
Leave to appeal refused: interim interdict denied for lack of pleaded accrual claim and no evidence of dissipation.
Application for leave to appeal – Superior Courts Act s17(1)(a)(i) – stricter test: reasonable prospect of success – appealability of interim/interlocutory orders requires exceptional circumstances – interim interdict refused for absence of pleaded vested or prima facie contingent accrual claim – no substantiated risk of dissipation – costs on scale C.
17 December 2025
Review dismissed: arbitral errors of merit do not establish gross irregularity or impropriety; parts of award made an order of court.
Arbitration — Review of arbitral award — s33(1)(b) gross irregularity and s33(1)(c) improperly obtained award — court will not set aside award for merits-based errors or re-litigation of issues — admission of further affidavit where reply raises new matter — strike-out of scandalous/vexatious allegations — making parts of award an order of court under s31(1).
15 December 2025
Arrest and detention lawful where police had reasonable suspicion; malicious prosecution not established.
Criminal procedure – Arrest without warrant – s40(1)(b) CPA – objective reasonable suspicion required; Detention – s35(1) Constitution and 48‑hour rule; Malicious prosecution – requirements of reasonable and probable cause and malice; Civil procedure – late amendment of plea permissible absent mala fides or manifest prejudice; Absolution from the instance – onus shifts to defendant when unlawfulness denied.
15 December 2025
Condonation for late s3 notice refused: claim prescribed once applicants knew arresting officers were metro police.
Institution of Legal Proceedings Against Certain Organs of State Act s3 — condonation; prescription — debt due when creditor knows debtor identity and facts; Madinda test for condonation (no prescription, good cause, no unreasonable prejudice); summons against other organs and joinder do not interrupt prescription for an unjoined organ.
15 December 2025
Whether an Insolvency Working Group's recommendation binds the Chief Master or remains subject to his approval.
Administrative law — Insolvency Working Group (IWG) recommendations — Whether recommendations are final or subject to Chief Master approval — Chief Master's authority under Administration of Estates Act and s96A — Rule 6(5)(e) supplementary affidavit — Perjury and deponent credibility — Oudekraal principle (decision remains until set aside).
15 December 2025
Arrest, detention and prosecution upheld where police had reasonable suspicion and prosecutor had reasonable and probable cause.
Criminal procedure – Section 40(1) CPA – reasonable suspicion and discretion to arrest; Detention – undocumented status and necessity; Malicious prosecution – reasonable and probable cause; withdrawal due to absent witnesses not indicative of malice.
15 December 2025
Magistrate’s failure to conduct mandatory s35 NRTA enquiry and elicit required guilty-plea admissions led to conviction set aside.
Road traffic law – mandatory Section 35 NRTA enquiry before sentence – requirement of sworn (preferably viva voce) evidence to avoid automatic licence suspension; Criminal procedure – validity of guilty plea in speeding cases requires admissions on device functioning and operator competence (S v Phuzi); Firearms Control Act s103 – not applicable to routine speeding; procedural and record-keeping irregularities vitiating proceedings.
15 December 2025
Court made parties’ RAF settlement order, awarding loss of earnings, s17(4)(a) undertaking, postponing general damages sine die.
Road Accident Fund – settlement agreement – default procedure under Rule 38(2) – making settlement an order per Eke v Parsons and RAF authorities – section 17(4)(a) undertaking – apportionment of liability – costs and contingency fee compliance.
12 December 2025
Whether the applicant has reasonable prospects on appeal about PAJA applicability and the defendant’s onus in a fidelity fund claim.
Administrative law – PAJA applicability – whether failure to renew Fidelity Fund Certificates amounted to a "decision" under PAJA – onus to plead and prove facta probanda of alleged administrative decision – delictual liability for statutory breach – test for leave to appeal under s17 Superior Courts Act.
12 December 2025
The court held the tender had lapsed due to failure to obtain timeous bidder consent to extensions; awards and agreements set aside, suspended 150 days.
Public procurement — bid validity period — extensions require timeous request and consent from all bidders; internal decision not communicated before expiry is not final; procuring entity must prove incorporation of internal policies and notify bidders; suspended declaration of invalidity to protect continuity of essential services.
12 December 2025
Warrantless arrest without reasonable suspicion is unlawful and renders the Minister liable for resulting detention damages.
Criminal procedure — Warrantless arrest — Section 40(1)(b) CPA — Objective reasonable suspicion required; pointing-out cannot retrospectively validate an unlawful arrest — De Klerk liability principles: foreseeability of remand and liability for entire detention — Damages for unlawful arrest and detention.
12 December 2025
Appeal against quantum for unlawful arrest and detention partially succeeds; first respondent's award reduced, second confirmed.
Delict — unlawful arrest and detention — assessment of quantum for constitutional rights infringements — compensatory, vindicatory and deterrent purposes — appellate intervention where award is disproportionate — balancing Seymour caution on public purse.
12 December 2025
Variation of interim maintenance dismissed for failure to make full financial disclosure and to prove material change.
Family law – Rule 43(6) variation of interim maintenance – onus on applicant to prove material change and make full and frank financial disclosure – incomplete disclosure fatal to relief – maintenance pendente lite for stepchild upheld in best interests of child.
12 December 2025
Applicant father authorised to take the child on urgent holiday; court found travel in the child's best interests and confirmed interim contact.
Family law — Urgency — Child’s best interests — Leave for domestic travel with minor — Parental contact pending parenting plan — Family Advocate involvement not required for time‑sensitive decisions — Safety and communication safeguards — Costs awarded.
12 December 2025
Leave to appeal to the SCA granted on whether a customary marriage existed and related property and maintenance orders.
Family law – recognition and proof of customary marriages (Recognition of Customary Marriages Act s3, s10(2)) – antenuptial contract validity – matrimonial property regimes (Matrimonial Property Act s21; Deeds Registries Act s88) – consent and customary rites – spousal maintenance – leave to appeal (Superior Courts Act s17) – conflicting authority and question of law of general application.
12 December 2025
Court made the plaintiff’s RAF settlement an order of court, enforcing payment, costs, an s 17(4) undertaking and trust provisions.
Road Accident Fund – settlement agreement – Rule 38(2) – Eke v Parsons criteria for making settlements court orders – Mafisa v RAF: courts must respect agreed terms – s 17(4) RAF Act undertaking – establishment and administration of trust for minor beneficiary.
12 December 2025
Tribunal misdirected itself by treating debarment as a contractual dispute, so decision set aside and remitted for rehearing.
Administrative law — PAJA judicial review — material error of law by Tribunal — misapplication of FAIS Act fit-and-proper requirements — debarment vs contractual dispute — failure to consider relevant evidence — remittal to Tribunal for de novo reconsideration; Tribunal may call oral evidence.
12 December 2025
A surviving spouse who is the intestate heir retains exclusive burial rights; a non‑heir lacks standing to claim the remains.
Succession and family law – right to bury deceased – intestate heir’s burial rights – effect of estrangement and domestic violence – locus standi of non‑heir relatives – application of Plascon‑Evans rule in urgent factual disputes.
12 December 2025
Whether a creditors' vote rejecting a business rescue plan is inappropriate where valuation and dividend disclosure are deficient.
Companies Act — business rescue — s153(1)(b)(i)(bb) and s153(7) — whether creditors' vote rejecting plan was "inappropriate" — single-value balancing of stakeholders’ rights — s150(2) requirement that plan contain sufficient information (valuation, purchase price, dividend calculations) — locus standi and joinder — urgency — duties of BRPs at resumed meeting (revise plan or terminate under s153(5)).
12 December 2025
Client who admitted debt and part‑paid cannot insist on taxation without particularising disputed items.
Attorney and client — taxation of bill of costs — client who admitted indebtedness and part‑paid loses ordinary right to insist on taxation unless disputes are particularised; untaxed bill not determinative in Rule 6 final‑relief proceedings; LPC Code of Conduct does not displace common‑law position.
11 December 2025
Whether the state is vicariously liable for a police officer's killing and limits on a struck‑out defence.
Delict – Vicarious liability of the state for a police officer’s fatal shooting; struck‑out defence — limited right to cross‑examine; allocation of default‑judgment matters requiring viva voce evidence; assessment of damages for loss of support and emotional shock; foreseeability and failure to take reasonable steps when re‑issuing service firearms.
11 December 2025
A liquidator’s wrongful unilateral deduction of occupational rental was not contempt absent proof of wilful mala fides.
Contempt of court – civil (ex facie curiae) – requirement that breach be wilful and mala fide – honest but mistaken belief negates mala fides; Liquidator/receiver – liquidation and distribution account – unilateral deduction of occupational rental where contract records occupational rental as N/A; Eviction/POPIA/PIE proceedings – withholding net proceeds pending vacant possession; Appropriate remedy: committal v review.
11 December 2025
Leave to appeal refused where applicants failed to establish a loan agreement; attorney-and-client costs awarded.
Contract formation — essentialia: agreement on consequences, intention to be legally bound, awareness of agreement — company resolutions and post-payment attorney letter insufficient to prove consensus; Interpretation (Endumeni) cannot substitute for absence of contractual elements; Motion proceedings inappropriate where there is a material dispute of fact; Plascon-Evans inapplicable where applicant’s papers disclose no cause of action; Attorney-and-client costs (including two counsel) justified for baseless proceedings and abuse of process.
11 December 2025
A company must be court‑represented by an attorney; arbitration referral did not bar liquidation where undisputed capital claim and status issues excluded from arbitration.
Company litigation — representation — company must be represented by legal practitioner with right of audience; Arbitration Act — stay of proceedings properly sought under s6, may be raised late; Arbitration Act s2(b) excludes status matters from arbitration; Acknowledgment of debt preserving prior agreements/sureties may leave a capital claim sufficient to ground liquidation.
11 December 2025
Defendant negligent for unsafe right turn; plaintiff contributorily negligent; liability apportioned 70% defendant, 30% plaintiff.
Motor vehicle collision — Right-hand turn across traffic — Duty to keep proper lookout — Contributory negligence — Credibility and objective evidence — Apportionment of liability 70%/30%.
10 December 2025
Execution pending appeal under section 18 requires exceptional circumstances plus proof no irreparable harm will be suffered by occupiers.
Property law / PIE eviction — section 18(3) execution pending appeal — cumulative requirements: exceptional circumstances; irreparable harm to applicant; proof that respondents will not suffer irreparable harm — admission of further evidence on appeal — de bonis propriis costs for wasted hearing attendance.
10 December 2025
Interpleader with disputed ownership and contested trust validity must proceed to oral evidence under Rule 58(6)(c).
Interpleader — Uniform Rule 58 — Rule 58(6)(c) referral to oral evidence where material factual disputes exist; Rule 58(5) barring order available to applicant only; ownership of attached movables v incorporeal shares; rebuttable presumption of ownership from possession; validity and formation of trusts in execution context.
10 December 2025