High Court of South Africa South Gauteng, Johannesburg - 2026

60 judgments

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60 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
February 2026
Leave to appeal dismissed where respondents abandoned opposition and failed to show reasonable prospects or compelling reasons.
Leave to appeal – test of reasonable prospects or compelling reasons – abandonment of opposition – refusal of postponement – sealed evidence not permitted – virtual hearing and litigant conduct – costs on scale C including senior and junior counsel.
3 February 2026
Late-raised volenti defence not permitted on appeal; unpleaded factual case cannot ground liability; condonation narrowly granted.
Delict — boarding trains — whether train was stationary or moving; Pleadings — cannot found liability on unpleaded factual case; Evidence — documents in bundle require proper proof despite contradictory pre-trial minutes; Defence — volenti non fit iniuria raised late cannot be advanced on appeal; Procedure — condonation for late notice of appeal and reinstatement.
3 February 2026
Restitution after cancellation requires compensation equal to fair repair costs assessed by reference to the pre-occupation condition and valued at cancellation date.
Contract law – cancellation and restitutio in integrum – restitution quantified as fair and reasonable cost to restore destroyed improvements; valuation as at cancellation date; restoration assessed by reference to actual pre-occupation condition not new construction costs; VAT recoverable; no interest on proceeds of sold asset once paid.
3 February 2026
The applicant’s appeal succeeded: writ declared moot, trust funds released, respondent ordered to pay admitted arrears.
Family law – maintenance arrears – writ of execution issued by Registrar against retirement annuity – writ rendered moot where specified funds exhausted – trust funds in attorneys’ account payable to applicant – admitted arrears ordered paid with prescribed interest – remaining disputes of fact referred to trial – reinstatement and condonation of appeal.
3 February 2026
A demand addressed to a director, not the corporate lessee, was ineffective; sub-letting a lessee-owned hangar did not amount to repudiation.
Lease law – demand and mora – requirement that written demand identify contracting party, obligation, time to perform and consequences; privity and juristic persons – director cannot be treated as contracting lessee; distinction between ‘premises’ (ground footprint) and lessee-owned structure (hangar); repudiation – objective test requiring unequivocal intention not to be bound.
2 February 2026
Applicant's Rule 43 claim for interim maintenance and costs dismissed for material non-disclosure; Family Advocate referral ordered for children's residence.
Family law – Rule 43 interim maintenance – strict duty of full disclosure – material non-disclosure grounds for refusal of relief – contribution to legal costs requires need, particulars and respondent’s ability to pay – referral to Family Advocate for investigation and recommendations regarding contact and residence; status quo maintained.
2 February 2026
Summary judgment granted where respondents’ locus, illegibility and repossession defences failed to raise bona fide triable issues.
Summary judgment – Uniform Rule 32 – bona fide defence requirement – locus standi and cession – illegibility of annexed contract – bare denials of breach, guarantee and certificate of balance – repossession not repudiation where claim had accrued – deponent authority challenge without Rule 7 invalid – costs on attorney-and-client scale.
2 February 2026
Court upheld refund for payment for undelivered goods; unpleaded non-delivery claim permissible where fully ventilated and no prejudice.
Pleadings and proof – court may decide unpleaded issue if fully ventilated and no prejudice; non-delivery and restitution for undelivered goods; validity and notice of standard terms and conditions; absolution from the instance; appellate deference to trial credibility findings.
2 February 2026
January 2026
Whether the appellant met the burden to show the interests of justice warranted bail in a Schedule 5 motor-vehicle-theft charge.
Bail — Schedule 5 offence — onus on accused under s60(11)(b) — admissibility of further evidence on appeal — prior convictions, parole status and pending similar charges considered — inquisitorial nature of bail proceedings — factors under ss60(4)–(8).
30 January 2026
Conveyancer appointed by purchaser acted as purchaser’s agent; conveyancer’s failure to pay proceeds entitled seller to cancel and reverse transfer.
Sale of immovable property — purchaser-appointed conveyancer — agency and receipt of purchase price — payment into attorney’s business account v trust account — material breach — cancellation of agreement — reversal of transfer — misjoinder of director.
30 January 2026
Late, unsupported review of an LPC investigation dismissed for undue delay and absence of evidence of bias.
Administrative law – judicial review – delay and condonation – undue and unexplained delay bars review; Administrative law – rationality standard – decision rationally connected to evidence; Professional conduct – complaint about attorneys’ opinion and conduct; Intellectual property – idea/expression dichotomy in copyright; Costs – party-and-party scale ordered.
30 January 2026
Insured driver 70% negligent, plaintiff 30% contributorily negligent; RAF to provide section 17(4) undertaking and loss of earnings awarded.
Road Accident Fund — motor collision — negligence and contributory negligence — apportionment of liability 70%/30% — Section 17(4) RAF undertaking for future medical expenses — loss of earnings calculation — insufficient proof of past earnings and appropriate contingencies applied.
30 January 2026
Leave to appeal refused where alleged attorney errors did not create reasonable prospects of success or vitiate the PIE-based eviction order.
Civil procedure — Leave to appeal — s17(1) Superior Courts Act — stringent threshold; Motion procedure — litigants bound by conduct of legal representatives; Eviction law — PIE and s26 enquiry; Evidence — confirmatory affidavits and inadmissibility of new evidence at leave stage.
30 January 2026
Urgent application removed for failure to prove service; applicant ordered to pay costs.
Civil procedure – Urgent applications – Proof of service – Failure to produce evidence of service when given opportunity justifies removal from urgent roll; costs awarded against applicant.
29 January 2026
Urgent application dismissed: not urgent, improper papers, wrong forum for Magistrates’ Court taxation review; punitive costs awarded.
Practice and procedure — urgency — review of Magistrates’ Court taxation — proper forum is Magistrates’ Court (Rule 35, s81) — Rule 6(6) does not permit unlimited supplementation — request for determination without hearing refused — vexatious litigant threshold under Vexatious Proceedings Act s2 — costs (attorney and client).
29 January 2026
Cancellation for arrears upheld despite e‑mail notice; deregistration raised irregularly; eviction granted with costs.
Lease law – cancellation for breach (arrears) – requirement of notice – contractual prohibition on e‑mail for formal notices – interpretation with reference to parties’ subsequent conduct – Companies Act s82 deregistration and effect on proceedings – eviction granted.
27 January 2026
An insurer’s subrogation does not permit it to depose to a party’s Rule 35 discovery affidavit unless joined as a party.
Civil procedure – discovery – Rule 35 – discovery affidavit must be deposed to by a party of record – insurer’s subrogation does not confer procedural party status unless formally joined – non‑party insurer’s affidavit non‑compliant and set aside; condonation for late affidavit granted under Melane test.
26 January 2026
A divorce in community of property cannot be separated from division of the joint estate; separation would cause prejudice and practical problems.
Family law – marriage in community of property – conceptual inseparability of divorce and division of joint estate – separation of issues inappropriate – maintenance and asset disclosure risks.
26 January 2026
Commissioner may order third‑party documents only if directly relevant; overbroad orders are irrational and set aside.
Companies Act s417/418 inquiries — scope of commissioner’s power to compel documents from third parties — relevance test: documents must ‘concern’ the insolvent company’s trade, dealings, affairs or property — overbroad/vague production orders irrational and reviewable — sale subject to unfulfilled suspensive condition void ab initio; liquidator entitled to vindicate asset.
23 January 2026
Applicant failed to prove respondent was the debtor; provisional liquidation discharged and costs awarded to respondent.
Companies Act — provisional liquidation — creditor’s onus to prove company is debtor; Plascon-Evans test; weight of informal communications (WhatsApp) as evidence; identification/substitution of debtor; costs following event.
23 January 2026
Leave to appeal dismissed: Rule 38(2) expert affidavits do not bind court; causation for loss of earnings not proven.
Civil procedure – leave to appeal under s17(1)(a)(i) Superior Courts Act – Rule 38(2) expert affidavits admissible but not binding – actuarial evidence as advisory re contingencies and calculations – causation and 'but for' test for future loss of earnings – costs for RAF Default Court appearances.
22 January 2026
Winding‑up application postponed due to disputed compliance with Companies Act s346A; court directed specific employee service steps.
Companies Act s346A(1)(b) — service of winding‑up application on employees — methods in descending order (internal notice board; front gate; front door) — compliance required prior to granting winding‑up order; Inherent powers s173 — courts may direct alternative or specific service to give effect to s346A; Disputed service and credibility of affidavits may justify postponement rather than immediate provisional relief; Interaction of Close Corporations Act s69 (deeming provision) with Companies Act s344(f) jurisdiction.
21 January 2026
Applicant entitled to compel production of property-line relocation documents under Rule 35(12) as relevant to possible relief.
Civil procedure — Rule 35(12) — discovery/compellable documents — relevance of post-decision developments to relief — property-line relocation application — costs on Scale A.
21 January 2026
Whether an ex‑dividend share sale required the respondent to pay a later special dividend declared two years after transfer.
Contract interpretation – sale of shares ex-dividend – commercial/contextual (Endumeni) approach to meaning of 'ex dividend' – contemporaneous emails and WhatsApp as primary evidence – admissibility but limited weight of hearsay under the Hearsay Act where principal deceased – onus includes proving negative averment.
21 January 2026
Bare denials to unjustified enrichment claims are insufficient; court compels limited particulars about payments and consideration.
Civil procedure — Pleadings and particulars — Bare denial to unjustified enrichment claim insufficient — Court may compel further particulars identifying admitted payments and whether payments were for value under contract.
21 January 2026
Single eyewitness identification and corroboration upheld murder and attempted murder convictions; possession charges acquitted for insufficient forensic and particular evidence.
Criminal law – identification evidence – single eyewitness identification assessed against visibility, proximity and prior acquaintance; corroboration; murder and attempted murder convictions; acquittal on firearm/ammunition charges due to defective particulars and lack of ballistic/forensic linkage.
21 January 2026
Court allowed a supplementary founding affidavit in pension-fund review proceedings, citing s30P procedural flexibility and no demonstrated prejudice.
Pension Funds Act s30P – review proceedings – supplementary affidavits – court's discretion to admit further evidence – unopposed application on affidavit – heads of argument not evidence – prejudice and interests of justice.
20 January 2026
Leave to appeal refused where Rule 46A application was dismissed for procedural non‑compliance and the order was not appealable.
Civil procedure — Appealability — Superior Courts Act s16(1)(a) — Zweni triad (finality, definitiveness, disposal of substantial portion) — interests of justice — Rule 46A service requirements — procedural dismissal not appealable; leave to appeal refused with costs.
20 January 2026
Relocation refused: immediate removal to Zimbabwe not in children's best interests; contact protected and Family Advocate to report.
Children — Care and Contact — Relocation application — Best interests of the child — Applicant resident abroad intending to return to Ireland — Children born and settled in South Africa — Parental responsibilities — Family Advocate report — Anti‑alienation injunction — Interim contact regime.
19 January 2026
Applicant’s urgent review struck from the roll for self-created delay; PAJA not a ground to await written reasons; punitive costs ordered.
Administrative law – urgency under Rule 6(12) – self-created urgency – PAJA and reasons for administrative action – Exchange Control Regulations – voluminous matters and special allocation – commercial prejudice insufficient without exceptional circumstances – punitive costs.
19 January 2026
Former directors may seek rescission of a winding‑up order, but weak merits meant the stay was refused and costs awarded in the winding‑up.
Company Law – Rescission of winding‑up order – Locus to apply post‑winding‑up – Former directors may apply for rescission without liquidator; service at registered address valid; prescription runs from call up on default; National Credit Act not applicable to juristic person exceeding thresholds; winding‑up properly founded on failure to answer statutory demand (s345(1)(a)); no prima facie right to rescission; costs to be paid in winding‑up.
19 January 2026
Leave to appeal refused: alleged electronic verification defect failed to show loan invalidity; executability and attorney‑client costs upheld.
Leave to appeal — section 17(1) Superior Courts Act — reasonable prospects test; Contract validity — electronic/fingerprint verification alleged to vitiate long‑standing loan agreement; Service of process — substituted service and participation cure defects; Primary residence — sheriff’s return as prima facie evidence; Rule 46A — executability, reserve price, negative equity and municipal debt; Certificate of balance — basis for monetary judgment; Attorney–client costs in mortgage/default judgment matters.
18 January 2026
Bail appeal dismissed where appellant failed to discharge onus amid serious alleged violence and risk to witnesses.
Criminal procedure – Bail – Onus on accused to show interests of justice favour release – Serious violence and risk to complainants and witnesses – Alleged assault on police – Right to silence in bail proceedings – Enforceability of bail conditions – Pre‑trial detention delay.
16 January 2026
Sections 30–31 do not require co-holder consent to enrol a child; court orders enrolment closer to home in child’s best interests.
Children’s Act — sections 30 and 31 — exercise of parental responsibilities and rights — whether consent of co-holder required to enrol child at school — major decisions and due regard to views but no consent veto; best interests of the child; expert (Voice of the Child) report; improper withholding of consent as leverage over maintenance.
16 January 2026
The applicant’s demand under an on‑demand advance payment guarantee was enforceable; fraud not proven, insurer liable.
Bank and insurance guarantees – Advance payment guarantee – On‑demand/autonomous nature – Compliance with demand provisions – recoupment schedule – fraud exception to enforcement – proof required – Performance guarantee and deeds of indemnity/suretyship – cancellation of underlying contract does not automatically discharge guarantee.
15 January 2026
Summary judgment granted where respondents failed to establish a bona fide defence to a pay‑now‑sue‑later contractual claim.
Contract — summary judgment — pay‑now‑sue‑later clause and clause excluding reliance on representations — inspection and notice requirements for defective goods — alleged fraudulent misrepresentation must be particularised and bona fide to defeat summary judgment.
15 January 2026
Matter not ripe for quantum adjudication due to failure to comply with Practice Directive set‑down and practice‑note requirements.
Civil procedure — Road Accident Fund — Default judgment matters — Practice Directive 1 of 2024 (as amended) — Peremptory requirement for notice of set-down, practice note and heads of argument — Case management — Procedural irregularity requires directions and removal from roll rather than adjudication of quantum.
15 January 2026
Warrantless arrest lawful where objective reasonable suspicion existed; hearsay may justify suspicion and failure to call arresting officer not fatal.
Criminal procedure — warrantless arrest — s 40(1)(b) CPA — reasonable suspicion may be based on hearsay — documentary statements in police docket admissible to show information available to arresting officer — failure to call arresting officer not necessarily fatal — no adverse inference.
14 January 2026
Taxations conducted in the applicant’s absence without proper Rule 4A(1)(c)/Rule 70 service were set aside.
Taxation of costs — service of notice — Rule 70(3B) and 70(4)(a)/(b) — Taxing Master's duty to be satisfied of due notice — Electronic service — Rule 4A(1)(c) requires consent, address provided and proof of receipt — CaseLines upload insufficient — Allocators granted in absence set aside.
13 January 2026
Applicant’s Rule 43 maintenance claims dismissed for material non-disclosure; children’s contact/residence referred to Family Advocate.
Family law – Rule 43 interim relief – duty of full, frank and honest disclosure in Rule 43 applications – material non-disclosure justifies refusal of interim maintenance; contribution to legal costs requires demonstration of duty of support, need, and respondent’s means; complex maintenance matters may be referred to Maintenance Act machinery; referral of child contact/residence to Family Advocate for best-interests investigation.
13 January 2026
Plaintiff's contractual rental claim survives exception; its 'legitimate expectation' patrimonial-loss claim discloses no cause of action and is struck out.
Contract law – Pleadings – exception for vagueness and failure to disclose a cause of action; Contract interpretation – ambiguity of clause obliging party to 'manage the lease'; Administrative law – legitimate expectation distinct from contractual rights; Delict – patrimonial loss claim based on 'legitimate expectation' inadequate; Pleadings – strike out of claim that conflates contractual, administrative and delictual concepts; Leave to amend granted.
12 January 2026
Court postponed the claim because unexplained documentary inconsistencies prevented a safe finding on liability.
Road Accident Fund claim – documentary inconsistencies in accident report, medical records and expert reports – reliability and coherence of evidential foundation – plaintiff’s burden to prove negligence and causation – damages not adjudicable absent established liability – leave to cure evidential deficiencies; matter postponed sine die.
9 January 2026
Court made RAF settlement an order, awarding quantified loss of support, trust for minors, costs, and invalidating contingency fee agreement.
Settlement agreements — enforcement as court orders under Eke v Parsons — RAF claims — default procedure (Rule 32/38(2)) — quantification of loss of support — establishment and terms of trust for minors — costs and invalidation of contingency fee agreement.
9 January 2026
Court refused to make an incomplete RAF settlement an order, requiring clarification of liability and damages.
Civil procedure — Settlement agreements — Incorporation as court order — Eke v Parsons criteria — RAF claims — Settlement must record liability and disposition of damages — Court may not rewrite agreements — Rule 38(2) determination where defendant non-compliant.
9 January 2026
Default judgment cannot be granted without proof that a compelling order was served and the defendant failed to comply.
Civil procedure — Default judgment — Uniform Rule 31(2)(a) and Rule 37(8) — Striking out defence for non‑attendance at compelled pre‑trial conference — Requirement of clear proof of service of compelling order — audi alteram partem safeguard — Procedural default must be established on the papers.
9 January 2026
Court refused default judgment due to unexplained documentary inconsistencies and granted leave to supplement evidence.
Road Accident Fund – default judgment – burden of proof lies on plaintiff to prove negligence and causation before quantum – material documentary inconsistencies (AR numbers, dates, alterations, lack of scene sketch) undermining reliability – leave granted to cure evidential deficiencies by affidavit – matter postponed sine die and leave to re-enrol.
9 January 2026
Plaintiff cannot obtain default judgment on quantum without proper set‑down and a compliant practice note under Practice Directive 1 of 2024.
Road Accident Fund matters — Default judgment — Practice Directive 1 of 2024 (as amended) — Peremptory practice‑note and enrolment requirements — Striking out defence does not entitle immediate adjudication of quantum — Case management and regularisation required.
9 January 2026
Bail pending appeal refused because applicant is a flight risk and lacks lawful immigration status, risking commission of a Schedule 1 offence.
Criminal procedure — Bail pending appeal — Interaction of s321 and s60(4) of the Criminal Procedure Act — Flight risk and evasion of sentence — Immigration status and commission of Schedule 1 offence — SCA referral for leave to appeal does not itself establish exceptional circumstances.
5 January 2026
Plaintiff’s liability claim in hit‑and‑run dismissed for now due to material defects in the accident report and evidence; leave to supplement.
Road Accident Fund — hit‑and‑run collision — admissibility and sufficiency of accident report — material defects in AR and witness statements — uncertified, non‑chronological medical records — onus of proof and default judgment not automatic — leave to supplement evidential record.
5 January 2026
Plaintiff failed to prove negligence due to material deficiencies in accident report and supporting evidence; leave to supplement granted.
Road Accident Fund – s19(f) claim – hit‑and‑run collision – insufficiency and admissibility of accident report and witness statements – uncertified/unsorted medical records – default judgment not automatic – leave to supplement evidential record and re‑enrolment.
5 January 2026