Land Claims Court of South Africa

The Land Court was established in 1996. The Land Claims Court specialises in dealing with disputes that arise out of laws that underpin South Africa's land reform initiative. These include the Restitution of Land Rights Act, 1994, the Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act, 1996 and the Extension of Security of Tenure Act, 1997.

The Land Court has the same status as any High Court. Any appeal against a decision of the Land Court lies with the Supreme Court of Appeal, and if appropriate, to the Constitutional Court. The Land Court can hold hearings in any part of the country if it thinks this will make it more accessible and it can conduct its proceedings in an informal way if this is appropriate, although its main seat is in Randburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.

The court also deals with the Extension of Security Tenure Act* and the Labour Tenants Act*. These two acts were enacted by parliament to protect farm dwellers/workers from ill treatment and illegal evictions. The Land Court was conferred with the jurisdiction thereof. However the various magistrate courts around the country also have jurisdiction in terms of the Extension of Security Tenure Act although their orders pertaining evictions are subject to automatic reviews by this court. Primarily, the court has to ensure that the rights of farm workers/dwellers are protected in that all evictions are done within the framework of the aforementioned legislation.

* Restitution of Land Rights Act, 1994 (Act 22 of 1994)
* Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act, 1996 (Act 3 of 1996)
* Extension of Security of Tenure Act, 1997 (Act 62 of 1997)

19 judgments
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19 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
December 2011
ESTA eviction set aside for failure to provide record, show proper service, and consider fairness and balancing of interests.
Extension of Security of Tenure Act (ESTA) – eviction – requirement to transmit record and magistrate’s reasons to Land Claims Court for review; ESTA – section 8(1)(c) (balancing hardships) and section 8(1)(e) (procedural fairness) must be considered and recorded; ESTA – service requirements under section 9(2)(d) and compliance with section 9(2)(a); Civil procedure – application of High Court rules mutatis mutandis to magistrates’ courts; Default eviction orders – necessity of transcript/record and adequate reasons; grounds for review and setting aside.
22 December 2011
Court declares eviction unlawful, finds seven ESTA occupiers, orders negotiations and potential accommodation relief, and awards costs.
Property/Eviction law – Extension of Security of Tenure Act (ESTA) – definition of ‘occupier’ – income threshold and continuous residence. Procedural law – whether occupants are bound by prior settlement made an order of court – onus on party relying on representation and proof. Constitutional law – right against arbitrary eviction (s 26(3)) – Land Claims Court’s jurisdiction to declare evictions unlawful even where PIE may apply to some occupants Remedies – declaratory relief, obligation to negotiate alternative accommodation, reporting requirement, costs award
15 December 2011
Court refused costs for suspended contempt order, ordered each party to bear settlement costs, and respondent to pay wasted costs for late unsigned affidavit.
Costs — contempt application — suspension of parts of prior order prevented definitive costs order — no costs awarded; Urgent application — settled — each party to bear own costs for settlement appearance; Procedural default — late unsigned affidavit — wasted costs incurred — ordered paid on party-and-party scale.
12 December 2011
Under ESTA, adult dependants occupying with an employer’s consent are occupiers; eviction allowed where suitable alternatives exist.
Land law – ESTA – definition of "occupier" – consent to an employee can confer occupier status on adult dependants in their own right Procedure – jurisdiction – Land Claims Court may hear appeals where magistrate decided under ESTA Evictions – sections 8, 9 and 10 ESTA – requirement that termination be just and equitable and that suitable alternative accommodation be considered Condonation – late appeal may be condoned where delay not excessive and respondents not prejudiced
12 December 2011
October 2011
No mora interest where payment was conditional on signing the section 42D sale agreement and no demand was made.
Restitution of Land Rights Act – sale under section 42D – payment contingent on signing of sale agreement; mora ex re and mora ex persona – requirement of fixed performance date or interpellatio; no entitlement to mora interest absent demand or fixed due date; costs awarded party-and-party.
27 October 2011
Decision refusing legal funding was set aside for procedural irregularity, irrational reasoning and failure to follow guidelines.
Administrative law – review of funding decision under s29(4) Restitution of Land Rights Act – decision-maker uncertainty; failure to follow guidelines; absence of written reasons; irrational reliance on prospects-of-success test. Restitution procedure – funding to enable defence of declaratory application; distinction between overall claim prospects and need to defend interlocutory relief Remedy – court may substitute decision where exceptional circumstances make remittal inappropriate Costs – award of party-and-party costs including wasted hearing costs; punitive costs refused
5 October 2011
August 2011
Commission ordered to fund and pay the applicant’s outstanding legal fees; interest awarded from date of order.
Restitution of Land Rights Act s29(4) – State-funded legal representation for indigent claimants – entitlement and funding obligations.* Review – administrative decision/ discretion – refusal or delay to fund legal fees – reasonableness and effect on constitutional rights (access to court, fair trial, restitution).* Payment of outstanding legal fees – when amounts become due and payable – entitlement to interest.
26 August 2011
Meaningful engagement, often including the municipality, is required before executing ESTA eviction orders.
Land — ESTA evictions — Section 26(3) Constitution — "just and equitable" requires consideration of all relevant circumstances including meaningful engagement — municipalities have direct duties to assist with housing solutions — where engagement and information on alternatives absent, remit/suspend eviction dates; prior employment-linked occupancy agreements weigh heavily but do not dispense with engagement.
23 August 2011
June 2011
CPI adjustment, not compound interest or statutory rates, compensates delayed restitution under the Restitution Act.
Restitution Act s33(eC) – change in value of money over time – method of adjustment; CPI appropriate for equitable redress in absence of reliable investment evidence; compound interest and statutory Exchequer rate not automatically applicable; costs – party‑and‑party plus two counsel fees awarded.
23 June 2011
Applicants entitled to legal-rate interest for respondents' mora after a sale agreement was held concluded on 31 March 2009.
Sale of land – enforcement of written agreement – effect of lost signed document and subsequent re-signing – whether re-signing constitutes a new contract. Contract law – formation: offer and acceptance, formalities for sale of land Mora – distinction between mora ex re and mora ex persona; where payment date fixed by contract, mora ex re applies Damages – entitlement to interest at the legal rate for delay in payment under a sale agreement Costs – party-and-party costs awarded; punitive costs require mala fides
16 June 2011
May 2011
The respondent's further discovery application was dismissed for vagueness and failure to show prior insufficient discovery.
Civil procedure — discovery — Rule 46(9)(a) — further discovery requires prior discovery shown to be insufficient or incomplete; requests must be specific and linked to prior discovery; wide, speculative or fishing requests will be refused; procedural non-compliance (leave/notice) may be excused where justice permits.
19 May 2011
Eviction under the Extension of Security of Tenure Act requires clear lawful termination of occupier’s residence; contested resignation defeated eviction.
Land reform / security of tenure – Eviction under Extension of Security of Tenure Act 62 of 1997 – requirement to prove lawful termination of occupier’s right of residence under section 8. Employment-related occupancy – where residence arises solely from employment agreement, termination follows resignation or dismissal in terms of the Labour Relations Act Evidence – material factual disputes about resignation/constructive dismissal defeat eviction application. Preliminary points – res judicata dismissed
13 May 2011
February 2011
Eviction under ESTA s10(1)(c) requires proof that the respondent committed an irremediable fundamental breach, which was not shown.
Extension of Security of Tenure Act (ESTA) — s 10(1)(c) — requirement that occupier commit a fundamental, irremediable breach of the social relationship with owner (lack of mutual trust). Distinction between s 10 and s 11 evictions — post‑1997 occupiers; constructive resignation vs dismissal. An occupier's institution of court proceedings to assert ESTA rights does not of itself constitute a fundamental breach. Evidence of damage must be attributed and substantial to support finding of irremediable breach. Costs practice in ESTA litigation — ordinarily no order as to costs absent good reason
24 February 2011
Application dismissed: committee lacked proven locus standi and unreasonably delayed review of the Section 42D agreement.
• Restitution Act s36 — review of Section 42D framework agreements; • Locus standi — a community committee must prove organisational status, membership and mandate to sue; • Constitutional standing (s38) — associations must disclose members/representation; • Delay and condonation — review barred if unexplained/unreasonable delay and potential prejudice to respondents; • Jurisdiction of Land Claims Court not displaced where statutory review relief is sought.
17 February 2011
Court orders transfer of restitution properties to the applicant, rejects alleged competing claim and awards punitive costs.
Restitution of Land Rights Act — enforcement of transfer to communal property trust; competing claim alleged by traditional authority — absence of proof; administrative delay in implementing awards; punitive costs against State for failure to effect transfer.
16 February 2011
Applicant's challenge to writ and bill of costs dismissed; writ valid despite typographical date and bill properly taxed.
Execution — Writ of execution with typographical error does not necessarily invalidate writ — compliance 'as near as may be' with Form 18 — Taxation of bill of costs and proof of notice by affidavit — Interdict against execution pending taxation refused — Costs awarded on party-to-party scale.
16 February 2011
CCMA settlements can validly terminate employment‑based residence rights under ESTA, permitting just and equitable eviction.
Labour law/ESTA interplay – CCMA settlements validly terminate employment disputes under the LRA; where housing is tied to employment, ESTA s8(2) applies; s25(1) waiver does not invalidate a labour settlement; section 9(2) and s10(3) ESTA requirements for eviction and just and equitable balancing.
11 February 2011
January 2011
Applicant’s urgent interdict dismissed for failing to prove dispossession by racially discriminatory practices and for unclear claim description.
Restitution of Land Rights Act – entitlement under s2 – requirement to prove dispossession after 19 June 1913 due to past racially discriminatory laws or practices. Section 6(3) interdict – elements: interested party, lodged claim by entitled person/community, development on land, reasonable belief development will defeat Act’s object. Interim interdict – necessity to establish prima facie right; inadequacy of bare assertion without evidentiary proof in motion proceedings. Claim description – importance of correctly identifying the specific land in lodged claim
1 January 2011
Applicant’s failure to prove statutorily required notice under section 6(3) precluded interim relief.
Restitution of Land Rights Act s6(3) — requirements for interdict pending land claim; necessity of notifying landowner and referring to s6(3); section 11 notice by Regional Land Claims Commissioner; applicant’s burden of proof; insufficiency of MEC’s knowledge alone.
1 January 2011