Land Claims Court of South Africa

The Land Court was established in 1996. The Land Claims Court specialises in dealing with disputes that arise out of laws that underpin South Africa's land reform initiative. These include the Restitution of Land Rights Act, 1994, the Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act, 1996 and the Extension of Security of Tenure Act, 1997.

The Land Court has the same status as any High Court. Any appeal against a decision of the Land Court lies with the Supreme Court of Appeal, and if appropriate, to the Constitutional Court. The Land Court can hold hearings in any part of the country if it thinks this will make it more accessible and it can conduct its proceedings in an informal way if this is appropriate, although its main seat is in Randburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.

The court also deals with the Extension of Security Tenure Act* and the Labour Tenants Act*. These two acts were enacted by parliament to protect farm dwellers/workers from ill treatment and illegal evictions. The Land Court was conferred with the jurisdiction thereof. However the various magistrate courts around the country also have jurisdiction in terms of the Extension of Security Tenure Act although their orders pertaining evictions are subject to automatic reviews by this court. Primarily, the court has to ensure that the rights of farm workers/dwellers are protected in that all evictions are done within the framework of the aforementioned legislation.

* Restitution of Land Rights Act, 1994 (Act 22 of 1994)
* Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act, 1996 (Act 3 of 1996)
* Extension of Security of Tenure Act, 1997 (Act 62 of 1997)

17 judgments
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17 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
November 2013
Substituted service refused absent thorough property, municipal and CIPC enquiries; applicant given leave to supplement papers.
* Civil procedure – substituted service – applicant must prove all reasonable steps taken to identify and locate person to be served; tracing-agent reports alone inadequate. * Restitution proceedings – service on registered owners – need for property visits, municipal/rates enquiries, CIPC/auditor searches, and executor appointment checks for deceased estates. * Edictal citation required where person believed to be outside Republic.
28 November 2013
Mining on claimed land is unlawful without LUPO departure; mining interdicted pending lawful land-use approval.
Land use law — LUPO section 15(1) — temporary departure required before mining where zoning does not permit mining; Constitutional Court confirmed LUPO's role distinct from mining rights. Contempt — requirements for civil contempt (order, notice, non-compliance, willfulness/mala fides) — municipality processing an application does not amount to consideration or contempt. Variation of prior court order — court may vary terms to afford affected party notice and opportunity to be heard. Evidence — "without prejudice" settlement communications and inadmissible opinion evidence may be struck out.
8 November 2013
October 2013
Court censured the Commission and State Attorney for delay, ordered punitive costs but declined to find contempt; set strict directions to finalise claim.
* Restitution of land rights – administrative and procedural duties of the Commission – compliance with section 14 and Rule 39. * Civil contempt – requirement of wilfulness and mala fides; collective organs of state and proof beyond reasonable doubt. * Costs – State/Commission may be mulcted with punitive costs (attorney and client) for unexplained delay and non‑compliance. * Case management – court power to identify responsible officials, enforce service and impose deadlines to finalise restitution claims.
30 October 2013
September 2013
Section 11A(4) amendment cannot substitute for required section 11(1) publication; s11A proviso only corrects patent errors.
Restitution of Land Rights Act — procedure after lodgement — s11(1) requires publication only if regional commissioner is satisfied the criteria are met; s11A(4) amendment proviso permits correction of obvious/patent errors but is not for original publication; consent order interpretation; declaratory relief inappropriate where it would preclude potential claimant rights; Biowatch costs principle applied.
6 September 2013
July 2013
Separated dispossession finding under the Restitution Act is appealable; leave to appeal refused for lack of prospects.
• Restitution of Land Rights Act – separated issues under Rule 57 – appealability of dispossession determination; • Appealability – Zweni criteria: finality, definitiveness of rights, substantial portion of relief; • Civil procedure – convenience and avoiding unnecessary further proceedings justify piecemeal appeal; • Costs – correction of patent error relating to expert witness costs; • Leave to appeal – assessment of reasonable prospects of success.
30 July 2013
June 2013
Commissioner reasonably refused further state funding under section 29(4) after finding claimant could afford appeal from award.
* Administrative law – judicial review – duty to give reasons – later ad hoc reasons constitute impermissible ex post facto rationalisation. * Restitution Act s29(4) – state-funded legal representation conditional on lack of affordability; means test permissible. * Internal guidelines – instructive but not legally binding; may be considered without operating as rigid rule. * Constitutional rights – access to courts upheld but may be balanced against affordability and public purse considerations.
4 June 2013
May 2013
Pre-2000 land-claim dismissal not reviewable under PAJA; procedural defects bar review; undecided claim must be processed.
Restitution Act — Rule 3 — Regional Land Claims Commissioner’s decision to dismiss a claim — Decision constituting administrative action pre-PAJA — PAJA non-retrospective — common-law review preserved — procedural requirements for review under Restitution Act (s36 and record) — duty to process undecided land claims (s11(1)).
17 May 2013
Reported
Sales forced by apartheid-era laws constitute dispossession under the Restitution Act; race does not bar restitution claims.
Restitution of land – dispossession – forced sales under apartheid-era racial legislation – sales under threat of expropriation constitute dispossession; Interpretation – Restitution Act and Constitution do not exclude claimants by race or means; Administrative law – Regional Land Claims Commissioner lacks power to reject non‑bogus claims on the merits; Costs – attorney-and-client costs and specified disbursements justified for irresponsible defence conduct.
17 May 2013
Reported
Whether the applicants proved enforceable oral agreements obliging the State to pay farming input and development costs.
Restitution negotiations – alleged oral agreements for reimbursement of farming input and development costs – requirement of meeting of minds and essentialia of contract; evidentiary value of negotiation minutes and witness credibility; interaction with statutory/regulatory constraints on concluding agreements under the Restitution regime.
14 May 2013
April 2013
Applicant dispossessed under Restitution Act; State ordered to pay costs; compensation inquiry postponed sine die.
* Land restitution – dispossession by sale to the South African Development Trust under Development Trust and Land Act – dispossession found where sales arising from proclamations were not voluntary. * Constitutional/public-interest litigation – Biowatch principle applies to costs in restitution claims against the State; particularly powerful reasons required to deny costs to successful private litigant. * Costs – State ordered to pay taxed costs of preliminary dispossession hearing, including expert and bundle preparation costs. * Determination of just and equitable compensation postponed sine die.
10 April 2013
March 2013
Applicants were held to be ESTA occupiers; main relief became moot and both application and unresolved counter‑claim were dismissed.
* Land law/ESTA – definition and status of "occupier" – section 1 and section 3(5) presumption of residency; * Non-joinder – person in charge may be sued under ESTA; * Civil procedure – ex parte interim relief, audi alteram partem and return date consideration; * Remedies – mootness where factual position changes (sale of impounded cattle); * Claims for costs/expenses – need for particulars, invoices and established causa (delict or contract).
5 March 2013
January 2013
Applicants failed to prove labour-tenant or occupier status; Court lacked jurisdiction and dismissed the interdict application with no costs.
Land Claims Court jurisdiction — Labour Tenants Act and ESTA — statutory definitions and evidentiary burden to prove labour-tenant or occupier status; procedural irregular steps and proper remedy; sufficiency of founding affidavit; costs de bonis propriis standard.
29 January 2013
Court ordered RLCC to show cause whether applicant’s land was referred or why separation of trials should not be granted.
Land claims — Referral under s 14(1) Restitution Act — Service and joinder of interested parties — Rule 57(1)(c) Land Claims Court Rules (separation of issues) — Separation of trials under Uniform Rule 10(5) — Procedural fairness where multi‑parcel referrals involve settled, opposing and non‑opposing owners — Rule nisi directed at Regional Land Claims Commissioner to clarify referral status.
29 January 2013
Leave to appeal and condonation granted where defendants challenged misrepresentation, retrospectivity, voluntariness and prescription issues.
Restitution of Land Rights Act – settlement under section 42D – alleged misrepresentation by officials – retrospectivity of departmental memorandum on compensation – voluntariness of settlement – prescription – leave to appeal and condonation for late filing.
25 January 2013
The applicant secured orders to remove and demolish an unauthorised dwelling built without consent on the farm.
Landowner rights under ESTA; definition of occupier and family members; tacit consent to build; unlawfulness of unauthorised structures; mandatory and prohibitory interdicts (vacation and demolition); distinction between eviction under ESTA and interdictory relief.
23 January 2013
Termination of periodic leases justified; eviction granted after balancing owner and occupier rights despite lack of alternative accommodation.
Extension of Security of Tenure Act 62 of 1997 – section 8 just and equitable assessment; section 9(2) procedural compliance for eviction applications; section 11 – periodic leases and occupiers post-4 February 1997; service of process and substituted service; alternative accommodation (section 9(3)) – weight in discretionary eviction decisions; section 13 – compensation for improvements and labour claims.
18 January 2013
Applicant failed to show development was on restitution land; interdict dismissed for lack of jurisdiction and prima facie right.
Land Claims Court – jurisdiction limited to land awarded under the Restitution of Land Rights Act; Interim interdict – applicant bears onus to show prima facie right (ownership/enforceable interest) and that development is on restitution land; Communal property association/standing dealt with in separate proceedings.
3 January 2013