Land Claims Court of South Africa

The Land Court was established in 1996. The Land Claims Court specialises in dealing with disputes that arise out of laws that underpin South Africa's land reform initiative. These include the Restitution of Land Rights Act, 1994, the Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act, 1996 and the Extension of Security of Tenure Act, 1997.

The Land Court has the same status as any High Court. Any appeal against a decision of the Land Court lies with the Supreme Court of Appeal, and if appropriate, to the Constitutional Court. The Land Court can hold hearings in any part of the country if it thinks this will make it more accessible and it can conduct its proceedings in an informal way if this is appropriate, although its main seat is in Randburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.

The court also deals with the Extension of Security Tenure Act* and the Labour Tenants Act*. These two acts were enacted by parliament to protect farm dwellers/workers from ill treatment and illegal evictions. The Land Court was conferred with the jurisdiction thereof. However the various magistrate courts around the country also have jurisdiction in terms of the Extension of Security Tenure Act although their orders pertaining evictions are subject to automatic reviews by this court. Primarily, the court has to ensure that the rights of farm workers/dwellers are protected in that all evictions are done within the framework of the aforementioned legislation.

* Restitution of Land Rights Act, 1994 (Act 22 of 1994)
* Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act, 1996 (Act 3 of 1996)
* Extension of Security of Tenure Act, 1997 (Act 62 of 1997)

31 judgments
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31 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
December 2020
7 December 2020
An owner may not unilaterally curtail occupiers' ESTA grazing rights without a court order, even if CARA concerns arise.
ESTA — eviction defined to include deprivation of use of land linked to residence — owners/persons in charge must obtain court process to curtail occupiers' grazing rights; CARA compliance does not permit unilateral eviction; overgrazing reports may justify removal only with judicial oversight.
2 December 2020
November 2020
A defective, non‑particularised notice of appeal fails Rule 69 and may be struck from the roll with costs.
Civil procedure – appeals – Rule 69 requirements – notice must specify findings appealed against and court to which leave is sought; defective notice recording only intent to appeal is incompetent. Jurisdiction – Land Claims Court may not grant leave to appeal to the Constitutional Court; leave to Constitutional Court is a matter for that Court; Land Claims Court may grant leave to SCA under Restitution Act. Procedural fairness – late-raised constitutional issues and new grounds introduced after hearing cannot be entertained. Relief – defective appeal materials and procedural delay justify striking matter from the roll and awarding costs.
24 November 2020
Impoundment under ESTA s7(1) unlawful where dispute exists and statutory requirements were not complied with.
Property law / ESTA s7(1) – impoundment of animals – statutory notice requirements and compliance with applicable impoundment law. Civil contempt and enforcement of court orders – private self‑help coercion impermissible; court process required. Interpretation of interim orders and protection of occupiers' property rights under section 25 of the Constitution.
12 November 2020
Attorney ordered to pay costs de bonis propriis for prosecuting land claim by incorrect procedure.
Procedure — Restitution of Land Rights Act & Land Claims Court Rule 38: referral to Court required; incorrect use of notice of action. Costs de bonis propriis — personal costs against attorney for materially deviating from professional standards (dilatory, negligent or reckless conduct). Participating Party — delay and late filings criticised but not liable for costs of special plea.
11 November 2020
Whether the Land Claims Court may exercise jurisdiction over a spoliation and declaratory dispute not arising from restitution — court declined.
Land Claims Court – jurisdiction under Restitution of Land Rights Act – scope of section 22(1)(cA) and section 22(2)(c) – incidental issues – mandament van spolie and interlocutory relief – whether specialist court may assert jurisdiction over disputes not arising from restitution acquisition – discretion and interests of justice – striking from roll.
10 November 2020
Applicant failed to show a gazetted claim or duress, so interim stay of settlement was set aside and costs awarded against applicants.
Land restitution – interdicted claims post‑1 July 2014 – effect of LAMOSA orders on processing and gazetting claims under s11(1) – locus standi of interdicted claimant to seek status‑quo protection – allegations of duress in settlement agreements – requirement for proof that claim would have been gazetted to invoke s11(7) protection – refusal to remit to oral evidence – costs following result.
6 November 2020
October 2020
Reported
Claim forms may be imprecise; the RLCC must investigate, identify cadastral properties for Gazette notices, and amend notices accordingly.
Restitution Act (ss 10, 11, 12, 16) — sufficiency of claim-form descriptions; duty of RLCC to assist and investigate; section 11 Gazette amendment and s11A procedure; rectification/amendment of Gazette to reflect claimant’s intended land; validity of research reports and effect of prior consent order; procedural direction to convene pre-trial conference.
19 October 2020
A respondent’s disavowal of s34 reliance does not preclude pursuing other pleaded defences after separated restorability hearing.
Restitution of Land Rights Act – separation of issues – restorability (feasibility) – pleadings define lis – s34 disavowal does not extinguish other pleaded defences – costs (attorney and client) for unmeritorious procedural challenge.
9 October 2020
An unexplained, lengthy delay by an official seeking joinder and review of personal cost orders justified refusal of condonation and costs.
Civil procedure – condonation for late application – inadequacy of explanation and prejudice to respondents;* Civil procedure – joinder of state official in personal capacity – joinder is preferred but not obligatory before imposing personal costs;* Constitutional obligations – ministers must act expeditiously;* Abuse of process – refusal to join when invited and then belated application;* Costs – unsuccessful condonation application leads to costs, including two counsel.
5 October 2020
Respondent found in contempt for allocating claimed land without complying with the Restitution Act; sales set aside and fined.
Contempt of court; consent order; Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 of 1994 s 11(7)(aA); non-compliance with court order; wilfulness/mala fides; setting aside sales/allocations of claimed land; disclosure of purchasers; appropriate sanction (fine).
2 October 2020
September 2020
Applicant granted urgent interdict halting development on claimed land pending review for lack of claimant consultation under s11(7)(aA).
Restitution of Land Rights Act s11(7)(aA) – notice requirement before development on claimed land; claimant consultation required in practice. Administrative procedure – Regional Land Claims Commission – relevance of claimant views upon receipt of development notice. Interim interdict – urgency, locus standi, prima facie right, irreparable harm, balance of convenience. Joinder – Regional Land Claims Commission joined as interested party.
2 September 2020
August 2020
31 August 2020
Leave to appeal refused: consent order did not award R502,017,807; parol evidence rule and Florence valuation principles govern equitable redress.
Land Claims Court — leave to appeal — reasonable prospects of success; Consent order interpretation — reservation of equitable redress versus express award; Parol evidence rule and Endumeni — application in interpreting consent orders; Restitution of Land Rights Act s30(1) — does not displace substantive interpretive rules; Valuation for equitable relief — historical valuation (Florence) not current market value; Costs — prohibition on recovering fees from State under legal aid justified for ill-advised litigation.
17 August 2020
An owner may evict post-1997 occupiers under ESTA if termination is procedurally and substantively just and equitable; lien claims require adequate proof.
ESTA — definition and timing of "occupier"; application of 4 February 1997 cutoff; section 8 — procedural and substantive fairness of termination of residence; section 11 — just and equitable eviction of post-1997 occupiers; common-law lien and claims for improvements; section 13 demolition/salvage; impact of insolvency and auction-transfers; Covid-19 considerations affecting execution dates.
12 August 2020
Eviction under ESTA refused because termination was procedurally unfair and not just and equitable.
Land law – ESTA eviction; termination of right of residence – s 8 just and equitable requirement; s 3(4) and s 3(5) consent presumptions; Labour Tenants Act overlap; PIE inapplicability to ESTA occupiers; availability of alternative accommodation under s 10; procedural fairness and opportunity to make representations; motion proceedings v oral evidence in complex factual disputes.
5 August 2020
July 2020
The respondent, a long-term occupier, cannot be evicted by an s8(5) notice absent proof of a s10(1)(c) fundamental breach.
Extension of Security of Tenure Act (ESTA) – s8(4) protected long-term occupier v s8(5) spouse/dependant; ESTA – s10(1)(c) fundamental breach test: whether relationship irreparably destroyed; Notice requirements and Regulation 5/Form D – substantial conformity and relevance where incorrect statutory basis used; Precedent: Klaase v Van der Merwe applied to assess long-term occupier status; Eviction – just and equitable assessment under ESTA.
9 July 2020
Pre-trial undertakings are binding; court ordered claimant CPA financials and separated Telkom’s Grovedale restorability issues.
• Civil procedure – pre-trial minutes and undertakings – binding nature and enforceability; court’s power under s 31 and rule 30 to issue directions and compel document production. • Restitution – funding of claimants – obligation to produce CPA audited/provisional financial statements and bank records for assessment of state-funded legal assistance. • Restitution – referral report challenges – requirement for claimant witness statements and expert reports to identify specific Delius paragraphs and cadastral units. • Restitution – case management – separation of issues; Telkom’s Grovedale property to be separately adjudicated and s 34 issues reserved. • Procedural management – witness statement content; timelines; COVID-19 adjusted conferencing.
3 July 2020
June 2020

Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 of 1994

30 June 2020
Whether eviction under ESTA was just and equitable and whether removal of materials constituted an unremediable fundamental breach.
Extension of Security of Tenure Act (ESTA) — section 8(1) just and equitable requirement for eviction — section 10(1)(c) fundamental breach and practicality of remedy — validity of agreements limiting occupier rights (s25 ESTA) — review for failure to make essential findings — leave to appeal under s17 Superior Courts Act where higher court guidance desirable.
30 June 2020
23 June 2020
23 June 2020
15 June 2020
May 2020
27 May 2020
26 May 2020
25 May 2020
March 2020
23 March 2020
Reported
Whether section 17(4) ESTA empowers magistrates to invoke civil contempt; court held it does not.
Extension of Security of Tenure Act (ESTA) s17(4) – choice of court and applicable rules of procedure – does not confer remedial powers.* Civil contempt – remedies (criminal and civil) sourced in higher courts' inherent jurisdiction and common law, not mere rules of procedure.* Magistrates' courts – creatures of statute; their ESTA powers are those in s19 (eviction, reinstatement, criminal ESTA proceedings, interdicts, declaratory orders).* Remedies where ESTA order disobeyed – s106 Magistrates' Courts Act (criminal contempt) or process‑in‑aid in Land Claims Court/High Court.* Costs in social‑welfare legislation matters – ordinarily no costs; each party ordered to pay own costs here.
20 March 2020
3 March 2020
February 2020

Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 of 1994

27 February 2020
Court rescinded an ex parte interim interdict, granted condonation, and substituted a narrower interdiction pending review.
Civil procedure – rescission of ex parte rule nisi – condonation for late rescission application; Procedural fairness – adequacy of notice and competence of lay respondents; Restitution of Land Rights Act – effect of lapsed lease agreements on occupiers’ rights; Interim relief – scope and correctness of interdicts against communal association members; Error in pleadings/orders – trust does not have "members".
15 February 2020