Insolvency Act, 1936

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Jurisdiction
South Africa
Citation
Act 24 of 1936
Date
24 June 1936
Language
English
Type
Legislation
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South Africa

Insolvency Act, 1936

Act 24 of 1936

  • Published in Government Gazette 2365 on 24 June 1936
  • Assented to on 17 June 1936
  • Commenced on 1 July 1936
  • Note: See section 159
  • [This is the version of this document as it was from 24 June 1936 to 29 September 1938.]
  • [Please note that the research on this work is ongoing. Amendment, commencement and repeal information may be missing.]
ACTTo consolidate and amend the law relating to insolvent persons and to their estates.BE IT ENACTED by the King’s Most Excellent Majesty, the Senate and the House of Assembly of the Union of South Africa, as follows;—

1. Repeal of laws

The Insolvency Act, 1916 (Act No. 32 of 1916), the Insolvency Act, 1916, Amendment Act, 192C (Act No. 29 of 1926) (except the title and preamble thereof and sections one, seventy-one, seventy-two and seventy-four thereof) and section twenty of the Land Bank Amendment Act, 1934 (Act No. 58 of 1934) are hereby repealed: Provided that if an estate was sequestrated or assigned before the commencement of this Act the sequestration or assignment and all proceedings in connection therewith shall be completed, and a person whose estate was sequestrated or assigned before each commencement and any matter relating to such sequestration, assignment or person shall be dealt with as if this Act had not been passed; and provided further that if, before the said commencement, any action was taken under the said Act No. 32 of 1916 with a view to the surrender or sequestration of an estate but the surrender or sequestration was not effected before the said commencement, such action shall, after such commence­ment, be deemed to have been taken under this Act, in so far as this Act makes provision therefor.

2. Definitions

In this Act unless inconsistent with the context—" account ", in relation to a trustee, means a liquidation, account or a plan of distribution or of contribution, or any supplementary liquidation account or plan of distribution or contribution, as the case may require;" Court " or " the Court ", in relation to any matter means the provincial or Local division of the Supreme Court which has jurisdiction in that matter in terms of section one hundred and forty-nine or one hundred and fifty-one, or any judge of that division; and in relation to any offence under this Act or in section eight, twenty-six, twenty-nine, thirty, thirty-one, thirty-two, paragraph (a) of sub-section (3) of section thirty-four, seventy-two, seventy-three, seventy-five, seventy-six, seventy-eight or one hundred and forty-seven the expression " Court " or " the Court " includes a magistrate's court which has jurisdiction in regard to the offence or matter in question;" debtor ", in connection with the sequestration of the debtor’s estate, means a person or a partnership or the estate of a person or partnership which is a debtor in the usual sense of the word, except a body corporate or a company or other association of persons which may be placed in liquidation under the law relating to companies;" disposition " means any transfer or abandonment of rights to property and includes a sale, lease, mortgage, pledge, delivery, payment, release, compromise, deflation or any contract therefor, but does not include a disposition in compliance with an order of the Court;" free residue ", in relation to an insolvent estate, means that portion of the estate which is not subject to any right of preference by reason of any special mortgage, legal hypothec, pledge or right of retention: Provided that for the purpose of this definition the expression " special mortgage " includes a notarial bond passed and registered in terms of section one of the Notarial Bonds (Natal) Act, 1932 (Act No. 18 of 1932) but does not include any other notarial bond which was executed after the first day of October, 1926, and which purports to pledge as security for a debt, mov­able property which has not been delivered to and retained by the pledgee;" good faith ", in relation to the disposition of property, means the absence of any intention to prejudice creditors in obtaining payment of their claims or to prefer one creditor above another;" immovable property " means land and every right or interest in land or minerals which is registrable in any office in the Union intended for the registration of title to land or the right to mine;" insolvent " when used as a noun, means a debtor whose estate is under sequestration and includes such a debtor before the sequestration of his estate, according to the context;" insolvent estate " means an estate under sequestration;" magistrate " includes an additional magistrate and an assistant magistrate;" Master " in relation to any matter, means the Master of the Supreme Court within whose area of jurisdiction that matter is to be dealt with and includes an Assis­tant Master;" messenger " means a messenger of a magistrate’s court and includes a deputy-messenger;"movable property " means every kind of property and every right or interest which is not immovable pro­perty;" preference ", in relation to any claim against an in­solvent estate, means the right to payment of that claim out of the assets of the estate in preference to other claims; and " preferent " has a corres­ponding meaning;" property " means movable or immovable property wherever situate within the Union, and includes contingent interests in property other than the con­tingent interests of a fidei commissary heir or legatee;" security ", in relation to the claim of a creditor of an insolvent estate, means property of that estate over which the creditor has a preferent right by virtue of any special mortgage, landlord's legal hypothec, pledge or right of retention;" sequestration order " means any order of Court whereby an estate is sequestrated, and includes a provisional order, when it has not been set aside;"sheriff " includes a deputy sheriff;" trader " means any person who carries on any trade, business, industry or undertaking in which property is sold, or is bought, exchanged or manufactured for purpose of sale or exchange, or in which building operations of whatever nature are per­formed, or an object whereof is public enter­tainment, or who carries on the business of an hotel keeper or boarding-house keeper, or who acts as a broker or agent of any person in the sale or purchase of any property or in the letting or hiring of immovable property; and any person shall be deemed to be a trader for the purpose of this Act (except for the purposes of sub-section (10) of section twenty-one) unless it is proved that he is not a trader as hereinbefore defined; Provided that if any person carries on the trade, business, industry or under­taking of selling property which he produced (either personally or through any servant) by means of farming operations, the provisions of this Act relating to traders only shall not apply to him in connection with his said trade, business, industry or under­taking;" trustee " means the trustee of an estate under sequestration, and includes a provisional trustee.

3. Petition for acceptance of surrender of estate

(1)An insolvent debtor or his agent or a person entrusted with the administration of the estate of a deceased insolvent debtor or of an insolvent debtor who is incapable of managing his own affairs, may petition the Court for the acceptance of the surrender of the debtor’s estate for the benefit of his creditors.
(2)All the members of a partnership (other than partners en commandite or special partners as defined in the Special Partnerships Limited Liability Act, 1861 (Act No. 24 of 1861) of the Cape of Good Hope or in Law No. 1 of 1865 of Natal) who reside in the Union, or their agent, may petition the Court for the acceptance of the surrender of the estate of the partner­ship and of the estate of each such member.
(3)Before accepting or declining the surrender, the Court may direct the petitioner or any other person to appear and be examined before the Court.

4. Notice of surrender and lodging at Master՚s office of statement of debtor՚s affairs

(1)Before presenting a petition mentioned in section three the person who intends to present the petition (in this section referred to as the petitioner) shall cause to be published in the Gazette and in a newspaper circulating in the district in which the debtor resides, or, if the debtor is a trader, in the district in which his principal place of business is situate, a notice of surrender in a form corresponding substantially with Form A in the First Schedule to this Act. The said notice shall be published not more than thirty days and not less than fourteen days before the date stated in the notice of surrender as the date upon which application will be made to the Court for acceptance of the surrender of the estate of the debtor.
(2)Within a period of seven days as from the date of publi­cation of the said notice in the Gazette, the petitioner shall deliver or post in a registered letter a copy of the said notice to every one of the creditors of the debtor in question whose address he knows or can ascertain.
(3)The petitioner shall lodge at the office of the Master a statement in duplicate of the debtor’s affairs, framed in a form corresponding substantially with Form B in the First Schedule to this Act. That statement shall contain the particulars for which provision is made in the said Form, shall comply with any requirements contained therein and shall be verified by an affidavit (which shall be free from stamp duty) in the form set forth therein.
(4)Upon receiving the said statement, the Master may direct the petitioner to cause any property set forth therein to be valued by a sworn appraiser or by any person designated by the Master for the purpose.
(5)If the debtor resides or carries on business as a trader in any district (other than the district of Wynberg, Simonstown or Bellville in the Province of the Cape of Good Hope) wherein there is no Master’s office, the petitioner shall also lodge a copy of the said statement at the office of the magistrate of the district.
(6)The said statement shall be open to the inspection of any creditor of the debtor during office hours for a period of fourteen days from a date to be mentioned in the notice of surrender.

5. Prohibition of sale in execution of property of estate after publication of notice of surrender and appointment of curator bonis

(1)After the publication of a notice of surrender in the Gazette in terms of section four, it shall not be lawful to sell any property of the estate in question, which has been attached under writ of execution or other process, unless the person charged with the execution of the writ or other process could not have known of the publication: Provided that the Master, if in his opinion the value of any such property does not exceed five hundred pounds, or the Court, if it exceeds that amount, may order the sale of the property attached and direct how the proceeds of the sale shall be applied.
(2)After the publication of a notice of surrender as aforesaid in the Gazette the Master may appoint a curator bonis to the debtor's estate, who shall forthwith take the estate into his custody and take over the control of any business or under­taking of the debtor, as if he were the debtor, as the Master may direct.

6. Acceptance by Court of surrender of estate

(1)If the Court is satisfied that the provisions of section four have been complied with, that the estate of the debtor in question is insolvent, that he owns realisable property of a sufficient value to defray all costs of the sequestration which will in terms of this Act be payable out of the free residue of his estate and that it will be to the advantage of creditors of the debtor if his estate is sequestrated, it may accept the surrender of the debtor’s estate and make an order sequestrating that estate.
(2)If the Court does not accept the surrender or if the notice of surrender is withdrawn in terms of section seven, or if the petitioner fails to make the application for the acceptance of the surrender of the debtor's estate before the expiration of a period of fourteen days as from the date specified in the notice of surrender, as the date upon which application will be made to the Court for the acceptance of the surrender of the debtor's estate, the notice of surrender shall lapse and if a curator bonis was appointed, the estate shall be restored to the debtor as soon as the Master is satisfied that sufficient provision, has been made for the payment of all costs incurred under sub-section (2) of section five.

7. Withdrawal of notice of surrender

(1)A notice of surrender published in the Gazette may not be withdrawn without the written consent of the Master.
(2)A person who has published a notice of surrender in the Gazette may apply to the Master for his consent to the with­drawal of the notice, and if it appears to the Master that the notice was published in good faith and that there is good cause for its withdrawal, he shall give his written consent thereto. Upon the publication, at the expense of the applicant, of a notice of withdrawal and of the Master's consent thereto, in the Gazette and in the newspaper in which the notice of surrender appeared, the notice of surrender shall be deemed to have been withdrawn.

8. Acts of insolvency

A debtor commits an act of insolvency—
(a)if he leaves the Union or being out of the Union remains absent therefrom, or departs from his dwelling or otherwise absents himself, with intent by so doing to evade or delay the payment of his debts;
(b)if a Court has given judgment against him and he fails, upon the demand of the officer whose duty it is to execute that judgment, to satisfy it or to indicate to that officer disposable property sufficient to satisfy it, or if it appears from the return made by that officer that he has not found sufficient disposable property to satisfy the judgment;
(c)if he makes or attempts to make any disposition of any of his property which has or would have the effect of prejudicing his creditors or of preferring one creditor above another;
(d)if he removes or attempts to remove any of his property with intent to prejudice his creditors or to prefer one creditor above another;
(e)if he makes or offers to make any arrangement with any of his creditors for releasing him wholly or partially from his debts;
(f)if, after having published a notice of surrender of his estate which has not lapsed or been withdrawn in terms of section six or seven, he fails to comply with the requirements of sub-section (3) of section four or lodges, in terms of that sub-section, a statement which is incorrect or incomplete in any material respect or fails to apply for the acceptance of the surrender of his estate on the date mentioned in the aforesaid notice as the date on which such application is to be made;
(g)if he gives notice in writing to any one of his creditors that he is unable to pay any of his debts;
(h)if, being a trader, he gives notice in the Gazette in terms of sub-section (1) of section thirty-four, and is there­after unable to pay all his debts.

9. Petition for sequestration of estate

(1)A creditor (or his agent) who has a liquidated claim for not less than fifty pounds, or two or more creditors (or their agent) who in the aggregate have liquidated claims for not less than one hundred pounds against a debtor who has com­mitted an act of insolvency, may petition the Court for the sequestration of the estate of the debtor.
(2)A liquidated claim which has accrued but which is not yet due on the date of hearing of the petition, shall be reckoned as a liquidated claim for the purposes of sub-section (1).
(3)Such a petition shall set forth the amount, cause and nature of the claim in question, shall state whether the claim is or is not secured and, if it is, the nature and value of the security, and shall set forth the debtor’s act of insolvency upon which the petition is based. The facts stated in the petition shall be confirmed by affidavit and the petition shall be accom­panied by a certificate of the Master or a magistrate that sufficient security has been given for the payment of all fees and charges necessary for the prosecution of all sequestration proceedings and of all costs of administering the estate until a trustee has been appointed, or if no trustee is appointed, of all fees and charges necessary for the discharge of the estate from sequestration.
(4)Before such a petition is presented to the Court, a copy of the petition and of every affidavit confirming the facts stated in the petition shall be lodged with the Master, or, if there is no Master at the seat of the Court, with an officer in the public service designated for that purpose by the Master by notice in the Gazette, and the Master or such officer may report to the Court any facts ascertained by him which would appear to him to justify the Court in postponing the hearing or in dismissing the petition. The Master or the said officer shall transmit a copy of that report to the petitioning creditor or his agent.
(5)The Court, on consideration of the petition, the Master's or the said officer's report thereon and of any further affidavit which the petitioning creditor may have submitted in answer to that report, may act in terms of section ten or may dismiss the petition, or postpone its hearing or make such other order in the matter as in the circumstances appears to be just.

10. Provisional sequestration

If the Court to which the petition for the sequestration of the estate of a debtor has been presented is of the opinion that prima facie—
(a)the petitioning creditor has established against the debtor a claim such as is mentioned in sub-section (1) of section nine; and
(b)the debtor has committed an act of insolvency or is insolvent; and
(c)there is reason to believe that it will be to the advantage of creditors of the debtor if his estate is sequestrated,
it may make an order sequestrating the estate of the debtor provisionally.

11. Service of rule nisi upon the debtor

(1)If the Court sequestrates the estate of a debtor provisionally it shall simultaneously grant a rule nisi calling upon the debtor upon a day mentioned in the rule to appear and to show cause why his estate should not be sequestrated finally.
(2)If the debtor has been absent during a period of twenty-one days from his usual place of residence and of his business (if any) within the Union, the Court may direct that it shall be sufficient service of that rule if a copy thereof is affixed to or near the outer door of the buildings where the Court sits and published in the Gazette, or may direct some other mode of service.
(3)Upon the application of the debtor the Court may anticipate the return day for the purpose of discharging the order of provisional sequestration if twenty-four hours’ notice of such application has been given to the petitioning creditor.

12. Final sequestration or dismissal of petition for sequestration

(1)If at the hearing pursuant to the aforesaid rule nisi the Court is satisfied that—
(a)the petitioning creditor has established against the debtor a claim such as it mentioned in sub-section (1) of section nine; and
(b)the debtor has committed an act of insolvency or is insolvent; and
(c)there is reason to believe that it will be to the ad­vantage of creditors of the debtor if his estate is sequestrated,
it may sequestrate the estate of the debtor.
(2)If at such hearing the Court is not so satisfied, it shall dismiss the petition for the sequestration of the estate of the debtor and set aside the order of provisional sequestration or require further proof of the matters set forth in the petition and postpone the hearing for any reasonable period but not sine die.

13. Sequestration of partnership estate

If the Court sequestrates the estate of a partnership (whether provisionally or finally), it shall simultaneously sequestrate the estate of every member of that partnership other than a partner en commandite or a special partner as defined in the Special Partnerships’ Limited Liability Act, 1861 (Act No. 24 of 1861) of the Cape of Good Hope or in Law No. 1 of 1865 of Natal, who has not held himself out as an ordinary or general partner of the partnership in question: Provided that if a partner has undertaken to pay the debts of the partnership within a period determined by the Court and has given security for such payment to the satisfaction of the registrar, the separate estate of that partner shall not be sequestrated by reason only of the sequestration of the estate of the partnership.

14. Petitioning creditor to prosecute sequestration proceedings until trustee appointed

(1)The creditor upon whose petition a sequestration order has been made shall, at his own cost, prosecute all the proceedings in the sequestration until a provisional trustee has been appointed or if no provisional trustee has been appointed until a trustee has been appointed.
(2)The trustee shall pay to the said creditor out of the first funds of the estate available for that purpose under section ninety-seven his costs, taxed according to the tariff applicable in the Court which made this sequestration order.
(3)In the event of a contribution by creditors under section one hundred and six, the petitioning creditor, whether or not he has proved a claim against the estate in terms of section forty-four, shall be liable to contribute not less than he would have had to contribute if he had proved the claim stated in his petition.

15. Compensation to debtor if petition malicious or vexatious

Whenever the Court is satisfied that a petition for the sequestration of a debtor's estate is malicious or vexatious, the Court may allow the debtor forthwith to prove any damage which he may have sustained by reason of the provisional sequestration of his estate and award him such compensation as it may deem fit.

16. Insolvent must deliver his business records and lodge statement of his affairs with Master

(1)A final order of sequestration shall be served upon the insolvent concerned in manner provided by the rules of the Court which made that order, and when the order has been served upon the insolvent, he shall—
(a)forthwith deliver to the officer who served the order all records relating to his affairs if they have not yet been taken into custody by the deputy-sheriff in terms of paragraph (a) of sub-section (1) of section nineteen; and
(b)within seven days of such service lodge with the Master a statement of his affairs, in duplicate, framed in a form corresponding substantially with Form B of the First Schedule to this Act, containing the particulars for which provision is made in the said Form and verified by an affidavit (which shall be free from stamp duty) in the form set forth therein.
(2)The officer to whom the records of the insolvent are delivered in terms of paragraph (a) of sub-section (1) shall issue a detailed receipt therefor.
(3)In the statement referred to in paragraph (b) of sub­section (1) any merchandise mentioned therein shall be valued at its cost price or at its market value, at the time of the making of the said affidavit, whichever is the lower.
(4)If the Master is satisfied that the insolvent was unable to prepare, without assistance, such a statement which he lodged as aforesaid, the person who assisted the insolvent with the preparation of the statement shall be entitled to a reasonable fee, to be determined by the Master, which shall be deemed to be part of the costs of the sequestration.

17. Notice of sequestration

(1)The registrar shall without delay transmit—
(a)one original of every sequestration order and of every order relating to an insolvent estate or to a trustee or to an insolvent, made by the Court, to the Master;
(b)one original of every provisional sequestration order or if a final sequestration order was not preceded by a provisional sequestration order, then of that final order, and of every order amending or setting aside any prior order so transmitted, which was made by the Court to—
(i)the deputy-sheriff of every district in which it appears that the insolvent resides or owns property;
(ii)every officer charged with the registration of title to any immovable property in the Union;
(iii)every sheriff and every messenger who or whose deputy holds under attachment any property belonging to the insolvent estate.
(2)Every officer who has received an order transmitted to him in terms of sub-section (1) shall register it and note thereon the day and hour when it was received in his office.
(3)Upon the receipt by any officer referred to in sub-para­graph (ii) of paragraph (b) of sub-section (1) of a sequestration order he shall enter a caveat against the transfer of all immov­able property or the cancellation or cession of any bond regis­tered in the name of or belonging to the insolvent or to his or her spouse.
(4)When the Master has received a sequestration order he shall give notice in the Gazette of such sequestration.

18. Appointment of provisional trustee by Master

(1)As soon as an estate has been sequestrated (whether provisionally or finally) or when a person appointed as trustee ceases to be trustee or to function as such, the Master may appoint a provisional trustee to the estate in question who shall give security to the satisfaction of the Master for the proper performance of his duties as provisional trustee and shall hold office until the appointment of a trustee.
(2)At any time before the first meeting of the creditors of an insolvent estate in terms of section forty, the Master may, subject to the provisions of sub-section (3) of this section, give such directions to the provisional trustee as could be given to a trustee by the creditors at a meeting of creditors.
(3)A provisional trustee shall have the powers and the duties of a trustee, as provided in this Act, except that without the authority of the Court or for the purpose of obtaining such authority he shall not bring or defend any legal proceedings and that without the authority of the Court or Master he shall not sell any property belonging to the estate in question.
(4)When a meeting of Creditors for the election of a trustee has been held in terms of section forty and no trustee has been elected, and the Master has appointed a provisional trustee in the estate in question, the Master shall appoint him as trustee on his finding such additional security as the Master may have required.

19. Attachement of property by deputy sheriff

(1)As soon as a deputy-sheriff has received a sequestra­tion order he shall attach, as hereinafter provided and make an inventory of the movable property of the insolvent estate which is in his district and is capable of manual delivery and not in the possession of a person who claims to be entitled to retain it under a right of pledge or a right of retention or under attachment by a messenger, that is to say—
(a)he shall take into his own custody all books of account, invoices, vouchers, business correspondence, cash, share certificates, bonds, bills of exchange, promissory notes, and other securities, and remit all such cash to the Master;
(b)he shall leave movable property other than animals in a room or other suitable place properly sealed up or appoint some suitable person to hold any movable property in his custody;
(c)he shall hand to the person so appointed a copy of the inventory, with a notice that the property has been attached by virtue of a sequestration order. That notice shall contain a statement of the offence consti­tuted by section one hundred and forty-two and the penalty provided therefor.
(2)Any person interested in the insolvent estate or in the property attached may be present or may authorize another person to be present when the deputy-sheriff is making his inventory.
(3)Immediately after effecting the attachment the deputy-sheriff shall report to the Master in writing the fact of the attachment. He shall mention in his report any property which to his knowledge is in the lawful possession of a pledgee or of a person who is entitled to retain it by virtue of a right of retention, and he shall transmit with the report a copy of his inventory.
(4)A messenger shall transmit to the Master without delay an inventory of all property attached by him which he knows to belong to an insolvent estate.
(5)The deputy-sheriff shall be entitled to fees taxed by the Master according to tariff A in the Second Schedule to this Act and the rules for the construction of that tariff.

20. Effect of sequestration on insolvent՚s property

(1)The effect of the sequestration of the estate of an insolvent shall be­—
(a)to divest the insolvent of his estate and to vest it in the Master until a trustee has been appointed, and, upon the appointment of a trustee, to vest the estate in him;
(b)to stay, until the appointment of a trustee, any civil proceedings instituted by or against the insolvent save such proceedings as may, in terms of section twenty-three, be instituted by the insolvent for his own benefit or be instituted against the insolvent: Pro­vided that if any claim which formed the subject of legal proceedings against the insolvent which were so stayed, has been proved and admitted against the insolvent’s estate in terms of section forty-four or seventy-eight the claimant may also prove against the estate a claim for his taxed costs, incurred in connection with those proceedings before the sequestration of the insolvent's estate;
(c)as soon as any sheriff or messenger, whose duty it is to execute any judgment given against an insolvent, becomes aware of the sequestration of the insolvent’s estate, to stay that execution, unless the Court otherwise directs;
(d)to empower the insolvent, if in prison for debt, to apply to the Court for his release, after notice to the creditor at whose suit he is so imprisoned, and to empower the Court to order his release, on such conditions as it may think fit to impose.
(2)For the purposes of sub-section (1) the estate of an insolvent shall include—
(a)all property of the insolvent at the date of the seques­tration, including property or the proceeds thereof which are in the hands of a sheriff or a messenger under a writ of attachment;
(b)all property which the insolvent may acquire or which may accrue to him during the sequestration, except as otherwise provided in section twenty-three.

21. Effect of sequestration on property of spouse of insolvent

(1)The additional effect of the sequestration of the separate estate of one of two spouses who are not living apart under a judicial order of separation shall be to vest in the Master, until a trustee has been appointed, and, upon the appointment of a trustee, to vest in him all the property (including property or the proceeds thereof which are in the hands of a sheriff or a messenger under a writ of attach­ment) of the spouse whose estate has not been sequestrated (hereinafter referred to as the solvent spouse) as if it were property of the sequestrated estate, and to empower the Master or trustee to deal with such property accordingly, but subject to the following provisions of this section.
(2)The trustee shall release any property of the solvent spouse which is proved—
(a)to have been the property of that spouse immediately before her or his marriage to the insolvent or before the first day of October, 1926; or
(b)to have been acquired by that spouse under a marriage settlement; or
(c)to have been acquired by that spouse during the marriage with the insolvent by a title valid as against creditors of the insolvent; or
(d)to be safeguarded in favour of that spouse by section twenty eight of this Act or by the Insurance Act, 1923 (Act No. 37 of 1923); or
(e)to have been acquired with any such property as aforesaid or with the income or proceeds thereof.
(3)If the solvent, spouse is in the Union and the trustee is able to ascertain his or her address, the trustee shall not, except with the leave of the Court, realise property which ostensibly belonged to the solvent spouse, until the expiry of six weeks written notice of his intention to do so, given to that spouse. Such notice shall also be published in the Gazette and in a newspaper circulating in the district in which the solvent spouse resides or carries on business, and shall invite all separate creditors for value of that spouse to prove their claims as provided in sub-section (5).
(4)The solvent spouse may apply to the Court for an order releasing any property vested in the trustee of the insolvent estate under sub-section (1) or for an order staying the sale of such property or, if it has already been sold, but the proceeds thereof not yet distributed among creditors, for an order declaring the applicant to be entitled to those proceeds; and the Court may make such order on the application as it thinks just.
(5)Subject to any order made under sub-section (4) any property of the solvent spouse realised by the trustee shall bear a proportionate share of the costs of the sequestration as if it were property of the insolvent estate but the separate creditors for value of the solvent spouse having claims which could have been proved against the estate of that spouse if it had been the estate under sequestration, shall be entitled to prove their claims against the estate of the insolvent spouse in the same manner and, except as in this Act is otherwise provided, shall have the same lights and remedies and be subject to the same obligations as if they were creditors of the insolvent estate; and the creditors who have so proved claims shall be entitled to share in the proceeds of the property so realised according to their legal priorities inter se and in priority to the separate creditors of the insolvent estate, but shall not be entitled to share in the separate assets of the insolvent estate.
(6)If any property of the solvent spouse (other than property mentioned in paragraph (d) of sub-section (2)) has been released by virtue of sub-section (2) or (4) the separate creditors of that spouse shall only be entitled to share in the proceeds of any property of the solvent spouse which has been realised by the trustee, after the property so released and any property of that spouse acquired by her or him since the sequestration, have been excussed.
(7)Before awarding any such creditor a share in such proceeds, the trustee may require the creditor to lodge with him, within a period to be determined by the Master, an affidavit, supported by such evidence as may be available, setting forth the result of such excussion and disclosing the balance of his claim which remains unpaid. He shall then be entitled to share as aforesaid in respect of that balance only: Provided that any creditor who has incurred costs in excussing the separate property of the solvent spouse and has been unable to recover those costs from the proceeds of that property shall be entitled to add the amount of those costs to the amount of his claim as proved.
(8)If, during the period determined by the Master, any such creditor has failed either to lodge with the trustee such an affidavit as aforesaid, or to excuss any separate property of the solvent spouse still available for the satisfaction of his claim, he shall be debarred from sharing as aforesaid unless the Court otherwise orders.
(9)A creditor of the solvent spouse who has proved a claim as provided in sub-section (5) shall not be liable to make any contribution under section one hundred and six, and shall not be entitled to vote at any meeting of the creditors of the insol­vent estate held in terms of section forty, forty-one or forty-two; but any direction of the creditors of the insolvent estate which infringes the rights of any such first-mentioned creditor may be set aside by the Court on the application of such creditor.
(10)If the solvent spouse is carrying on business as a trader, apart from the insolvent spouse or if it appears to the Court that the solvent spouse is likely to suffer serious prejudice through the immediate vesting of the property of that spouse in the Master or the trustee, and the Court is satisfied in either case that the solvent spouse is willing and able to make arrange­ments whereby the interest therein of the insolvent estate in the said property will be safeguarded without such a vesting, the Court, either when making the sequestration order or at some later date, but subject to the immediate completion of such arrangement as aforesaid, may exclude that property or any part thereof from the operation of the order, for such period as it thinks fit. During that period the solvent spouse shall lay before the trustee the evidence available in support of her or his claim to such property and within that period the trustee shall notify the solvent spouse in writing whether or not he will release such property in accordance with sub­section (2). If the property has not been so released, then upon the expiry of the said period that property shall vest in the Master or in the trustee, but subject to the provisions of this section.
(11)If application is made to the Court for the seques­tration of the estate of the solvent spouse on the ground of an act of insolvency committed by that spouse since the vesting of her or his property in the Master or the trustee of the insolvent estate, and the Court is satisfied that the act of insolvency alleged in that application was due to such vesting, then if it appears—
(a)that an application is being or, if necessary, will be made under sub-section (4) for the release of any property of the solvent spouse; or
(b)that any property of the solvent spouse has been released since the making of the sequestration order, and that the solvent spouse is now in a position to discharge her or his liabilities, the Court may postpone the hearing of the said application or may make such interim order thereon as to it may seem just.
(12)If the trustee has in accordance with the preceding provisions of this section released any property alleged to belong to the solvent spouse, he shall not be debarred thereby from proving that it belongs to the insolvent estate and from recovering accordingly.
(13)In this section the word "spouse" means not only a wife or husband in the legal sense, but also a wife or husband by virtue of a marriage according to any law or custom, and also a woman living with a man as his wife or a man living with a woman as her husband, although not married to one another.

22. Payment of debts after sequestration

Every satisfaction in whole or in part of any obligation the fulfilment whereof was due or the cause of which arose before the sequestration of the creditor’s estate shall, if made to the insolvent after such sequestration, be void, unless the debtor proves that it was made in good faith and without knowledge of the sequestration.

23. Rights and obligations of insolvent during sequestration

(1)Subject to the provisions of this section and of section twenty-four, all property acquired by an insolvency shall belong to his estate.
(2)The fact that a person entering into any contract is an insolvent, shall not affect the validity of that contract: Provided that the insolvent does not thereby purport to dispose of any property of his insolvent estate; and provided further that an insolvent shall not, without the consent in writing of the trustee of his estate, enter into any contract whereby his estate or any contribution towards his estate which he is obliged to make, is or is likely to be adversely affected, but in either case subject to the provisions of sub-section (1) of section twenty-four.
(3)An insolvent may follow any profession or occupation or enter into any employment, but he may not, during the sequestration of his estate without the consent in writing of the trustee of his estate, either carry on, or be employed in any capacity or have any direct or indirect interest in, the business of a trader who is a general dealer or a manufacturer: Provided that any one of the creditors of the insolvent's estate or the insolvent himself may, if the trustee gives or refuses such consent, appeal to the Master, whose decision shall be final.
(4)The insolvent shall keep a detailed record of all assets received by him from whatever source, and of all disbursements made by him in the course of his profession, occupation or employment, and, if required thereto by the trustee, shall transmit to the trustee in the first week of every month a statement verified by affidavit of all assets received and of all disbursements made by him during the preceding month. The trustee may inspect such record at all reasonable times and may demand the production of reasonable vouchers in support of any item in such accounts and of the expenditure of the insolvent for the support of himself and those dependent upon him.
(5)The trustee shall be entitled to any moneys received or to be received by the insolvent in the course of his profession, occupation or other employment which in the opinion of the Master are not or will not be necessary for the support of the insolvent and those dependent upon him, and if the trustee has notified the employer of the insolvent that the trustee is entitled, in terms of this sub-section to any part of the insolvent’s remuneration due to him at the time of such notification, or which will become due to him thereafter, the employer shall pay over that part to the trustee.
(6)The insolvent may sue or may be sued in his own name without reference to the trustee of his estate in any matter relating to status or any right in so far as it does not affect his estate or in respect of any claim due to or against him under this section, but no cession of his earnings after the sequestration of his estate, whether made before or after the sequestration shall be of any effect so long as his estate is under sequestration.
(7)The insolvent may for his own benefit recover any pension to which he may be entitled for services rendered by him.
(8)The insolvent may for his own benefit recover any com­pensation for any loss or damage which he may have suffered, whether before or after the sequestration of his estate, by reason of any defamation or personal injury: Provided that he shall not, without the leave of the Court, institute an action against the trustee of his estate on the ground of malicious prosecution or defamation.
(9)Subject to the provisions of sub-section (5) the insolvent may recover for his own benefit, the remuneration or reward for work done or for professional services rendered by or on his behalf after the sequestration of his estate.
(10)The insolvent may be sued in his own name for any delict committed by him after the sequestration of his estate, and his insolvent estate shall not be liable therefor.
(11)Any property claimable by the trustee from the insolvent under this section may be recovered from the insolvent by writ of execution to be issued by the registrar upon the production to him of a certificate by the Master that the property stated therein is so claimable.
(12)The insolvent shall at any time before the second meeting of the creditors of his estate held in terms of section forty, at the request of the trustee assist the trustee to the best of his ability in collecting, taking charge of or realising any property belonging to the estate: Provided that the trustee shall, during the period of such assistance, give to the insolvent out of the estate such an allowance in money or goods as is, in the opinion of the Master, necessary to support the insolvent and his or her dependants.
(13)The insolvent shall keep the trustee of his estate informed of his residential and postal addresses.
(14)Any notice or information which is to be conveyed to an insolvent in terms of this Act, may be delivered to him personally or may be delivered at or sent in a registered letter by post to an address given by the insolvent to the trustee in terms of sub-section (13).

24. Provisions relating to property in possession of insolvent after sequestration

(1)If an insolvent purports to alienate, for valuable consideration, without the consent of the trustee of his estate any property which he acquired after the sequestration of his estate (and which by virtue of such acquisition became part of his sequestrated estate) or any right to any such property to a person who proves that he was not aware and bad no reason to suspect that the estate of the insolvent was under sequestration the alienation shall nevertheless be valid.
(2)Whenever an insolvent has acquired the possession of any property, such property shall, if claimed by the trustee of the insolvent’s estate, be deemed to belong to that estate unless the contrary is proved; but if a person who became the creditor of the insolvent after the sequestration of his estate, alleges (whether against the trustee or against the insolvent) that any such property does not belong to the said estate and claims any right thereto, the property shall be deemed not to belong to the estate, unless the contrary is proved.

25. Estate to remain vested in trustee until composition or rehabilitation

(1)The estate of an insolvent shall remain vested in the trustee until the insolvent is reinvested therewith pursuant to a composition as in section one hundred and nineteen provided, or until the rehabilitation of the insolvent in terms of section one hundred and twenty-seven: Provided that any property which immediately before the rehabilitation is vested in the trustee shall remain vested in him after the rehabilitation for the purposes of realization and distribution.
(2)When a trustee has vacated his office or has been removed from office or has resigned or died the estate shall vest in the remaining trustee, if any; otherwise it shall vest in the Master until another trustee has been appointed.

26. Disposition without value

(1)Every disposition of property not made for value may be set aside by the Court if such disposition was made by an insolvent—
(a)more than two years before the sequestration of his estate, and it is proved that, immediately after the disposition was made, the liabilities of the insolvent exceeded his assets;
(b)within two years of the sequestration of his estate, and the person claiming under or benefited by the disposition is unable to prove that, immediately after the disposition was made, the assets of the insolvent exceeded his liabilities:
Provided that if it is proved that the liabilities of the insolvent at any time after the making of the disposition exceeded his assets by less than the value of the property disposed of, it may be set aside only to the extent of such excess.
(2)A disposition of property not made for value, which was set aside under this section or which was uncompleted by the insolvent, shall not give rise to any claim in competition with the creditors of the insolvent's estate.

27. Antenuptial contracts

(1)No immediate benefit under a duly registered antenuptial Contract given in good faith by a man to his wife or any child to be born of the marriage shall be set aside as a disposition without value, unless that man’s estate was sequestrated within two years of the registration of that antenuptial contract.
(2)In sub-section (1) the expression "immediate benefit" means a benefit given by a transfer, delivery, payment, cession, pledge, or special mortgage of property completed before the expiration of a period of three months as from the date of the marriage.

28. Life insurance policies

(1)When a man, before or during his marriage, has effected in favour of or ceded to or for the benefit of his wife any policy or policies of life insurance, the policy or policies to an amount not exceeding two thousand pounds, and any bonus due in respect thereof, shall be excluded from her estate, if her estate is sequestrated.
(2)When a man before or during his marriage, but more than two years before the sequestration of his estate, has in good faith effected in favour of or ceded to or for the benefit of his wife or child or both a policy or policies of life insurance, the policy or policies, if it does not or they do not constitute an immediate benefit as defined in sub-section (2) of section twenty-seven, whether to the wife or child or both, shall to an amount not exceeding two thousand pounds, and any bonus due in respect thereof, be excluded from his insolvent estate, and, if he is married in community of property, from the joint estate of himself and his wife:Provided that—
(a)any policy which, at the time of the sequestration of the estate, had been ceded or pledged to any person (other than the wife or child of the insured, or a trustee for such wife or child) shall not, to the extent of the interest ceded or received by the pledgee, be excluded as aforesaid;
(b)when any policy is excluded as aforesaid as to a part only, the person entitled to the part which has not been excluded, may demand from the insurer by whom such policy was issued, the issue of two policies, in substitution of such policy; one for the part which has not been excluded and the other for the excluded part, in favour of the parties' respec­tively entitled thereto. The insurer shall thereupon issue such policies at the expense of the applicant, and the original policy shall thereupon become void.
(3)In this section the expression, " policy of life insurance " or " policy " includes a contract for securing an insurance endowment, bonus, or annuity upon the death of the insured, or on the expiration of any period, or on the happening of an event, as well as a fully paid-up policy granted for the surrender or exchange of a policy of an equivalent value, but shall not include any other property acquired in consideration of the surrender, pledge, or cession of a policy.

29. Voidable preferences

(1)Every disposition of his property made by a debtor not more than six months before the sequestration of his estate, which has had the effect of preferring one of his creditors above another, may be set aside by the Court if immediately after the making of such disposition the liabilities of the debtor exceeded the value of his assets, unless the person in whose favour the disposition was made proves that the dis­position was made in the ordinary course of business and that it was not intended thereby to prefer one creditor above another but subject to the provisions of sub-section (2).
(2)If the liabilities of a debtor who has borrowed money from a bank by overdrawing his account with that bank, upon any date within the period of six months immediately preceding the sequestration of his estate exceeded the value of his assets, then all payments made by that debtor to that bank after the said date may be set aside by the Court, in so far as the total of those payments exceeds the total of all sums lent by the said bank to the said debtor after the said date.
(3)Every disposition of property made under a power of attorney whether revocable or irrevocable, shall for the purposes of this section and of section thirty be deemed to be made at the time at which the transfer or delivery or mortgage of such property takes place.

30. Undue preference to creditors

(1)If a debtor made a disposition of his property at a time when his liabilities exceeded his assets, with the intention of preferring one of his creditors above another, and his estate is thereafter sequestrated, the Court may set aside the disposition.
(2)For the purposes of this section and of section twenty-nine a surety for the debtor and a person in a position by law analogous to that of a surety shall be deemed to be a creditor of the debtor concerned.

31. Collusive dealings before sequestration

(1)After the sequestration of a debtor’s estate the Court may set aside any transaction entered into by the debtor before the sequestration, whereby he, in collusion with another person, disposed of property belonging to him in a manner which had the effect of prejudicing his creditors or of preferring one of his creditors above another.
(2)Any person who was a party to such collusive disposition shall be liable to make good any loss thereby caused to the insolvent estate in question and shall pay for the benefit of the estate, by way of penalty, such sum as the Court may adjudge, not exceeding the amount by which he would have benefited by such dealing if it had not been set aside; and if he is a creditor he shall also forfeit his claim against the estate.
(3)Such compensation and penalty may be recovered in any action to set aside the transaction in question.

32. Proceedings to set aside improper disposition

(1)Proceedings to set aside any disposition of property under section twenty-six, twenty-nine, thirty or thirty-one, or recovery of compensation or a penalty under section thirty-one, may be taken by the trustee. If the trustee fails to take any such proceedings they may be taken by any creditor in the name of the trustee upon his indemnifying the trustee against all costs thereof.
(2)In any such proceedings the insolvent may be com­pelled to give evidence on a subpoena issued on the application of any party to the proceedings or he may be called by the Court to give evidence. When giving such evidence he may not refuse to answer any question on the ground that the answer may tend to incriminate him or on the ground that he is to be tried on a criminal charge and may be prejudiced at such a trial by his answer.
(3)When the Court sets aside any disposition of property under any of the said sections, it shall declare the trustee en­titled to recover any property alienated under the said disposition or in default of such property the value thereof at the date of the disposition or at the date on which the disposition is set aside, whichever is the higher.

33. Improper disposition does not affect certain rights

(1)A person who, in return for any disposition which is liable to be set aside under section twenty-six, twenty-nine, thirty or thirty-one, has parted with any property or security which he held or who has lost any right against another person, shall, if he acted in good faith, not be obliged to restore any property or other benefit received under such disposition, unless the trustee has indemnified him for parting with such property or security or for losing such right.
(2)Section twenty-six, twenty-nine, thirty or thirty-one shall not affect the rights of any person who acquired property in good faith and for value from any person other than a person whose estate was subsequently sequestrated.

34. Voidable sale of business

(1)If a trader has alienated any business belonging to him or the goodwill or any property belonging to such a business (except goods sold in the ordinary course of that business), and his estate is sequestrated within six months of such alienation, the alienation shall be void as against the trustee of his estate, unless, not less than ten days and not more than thirty days before such alienation, he published a notice of such intended alienation in two issues of the Gazette and in two issues of a newspaper circulating in the district in which that business was carried on.
(2)As soon as any such notice is published, every liquidated liability of the said trader in connection with the said business, which would become due at some future date, shall fall due forthwith, if the creditor concerned demands payment of such liability: Provided that if such liability bears no interest, the amount of such liability which would have been payable at such future date if such demand had not been made, shall be reduced at the rate of six per cent, per annum of that amount, over the period between the date when payment is made and that future date.
(3)If any person who has any claim against the said trader in connection with the said business, has before such alienation, for the purpose of enforcing his claim, instituted proceedings against the said trader—
(a)in any court of law, and the person to whom the said business was alienated knew at the time of the aliena­tion that those proceedings had been instituted; or
(b)in a Division of the Supreme Court having jurisdiction in the district in which the said business is carried on or in the magistrate's court of that district,
the alienation shall be void as against him for the purpose of such enforcement.

35. Uncompleted acquisition of immovable property before sequestration

If an insolvent, before the sequestration of his estate, entered into a contract for the acquisition of immovable pro­perty which was not transferred to him, the trustee of his insolvent estate may enforce or abandon the contract. The other party to the contract may call upon the trustee by notice in writing to elect whether he will enforce or abandon the contract, and if the trustee has after the expiration of six weeks as from the receipt of the notice, failed to make his election as aforesaid and inform the other party thereof, the other party may apply to the Court by motion for cancellation of the contract and for an order directing the trustee to restore to the applicant the possession of any immovable property under the control of the trustee, of which the insolvent or the trustee gained possession or control by virtue of the contract, and the Court may make such order on the application as it thinks fit: Provided that this section shall not affect any right which the other party may have to establish against the insolvent estate, a non-preferent claim for compensation for any loss suffered by him as a result of the non-fulfilment of the contract.

36. Goods not paid for which debtor purchased not on credit

(1)If a person, before the sequestration of his estate, by virtue of a contract of purchase and sale which provided for the payment of the purchase price upon delivery of the property in question to the purchaser, received any movable property without paying the purchase price in full, the seller may, after the sequestration of the purchaser’s estate, reclaim that property if within ten days after delivery thereof he has given notice in writing to the purchaser or to the trustee of the purchaser’s insolvent estate or to the Master, that he reclaims the property: Provided that if the trustee disputes the seller’s right to reclaim the property, the seller shall not be entitled to reclaim it, unless he institutes, within fourteen days after having received notice that the trustee so disputes his right, legal proceedings to enforce his right.
(2)For the purposes of sub-section (1) a contract of purchase and sale shall be deemed to provide for the payment of the purchase price upon delivery of the property in question to the purchaser, unless the seller has agreed that the purchase price or any part thereof shall not he claimable before or at the time of such delivery.
(3)The trustee of the purchaser's insolvent estate shall not be obliged to restore any property reclaimed by the seller in terms of sub-section (1) unless the seller refunds to him every part of the purchase price which he has already received.
(4)Except as in this section provided, a seller shall not be entitled to recover any property which he sold and delivered to a purchaser whose estate was sequestrated after the sale, only by reason of the fact that the purchaser failed to pay the purchase price.
(5)The owner of the movable property which was in the possession or custody of a person at the time of the sequestration of that person's estate, shall not be entitled to recover that property if it has, in good faith, been sold as part of the said person's insolvent estate, unless the owner has, by notice in writing, given, before the sale, to the curator bonis if one has been appointed or to the trustee of the insolvent estate, or if there is no such curator bonis or trustee, to the Master, de­manded a return of the property.
(6)If any such property has been sold as part of the insolvent estate, the former owner of that property may recover from the trustee, before the confirmation of any trustee's account in the estate in terms of section one hundred and twelve, the nett proceeds of the sale of that property (unless he has recovered the property itself from the purchaser), and thereupon he shall lose any right which he may have had to recover the property itself in terms of sub-section (5).

37. Effect of sequestration upon a lease

(1)A lease entered into by any person as lessee shall not be determined by the sequestration of his estate, but the trustee of his insolvent estate may determine the lease by notice in writing to the lessor: Provided that the lessor may claim from the estate, compensation for any lose which he may have sustained by reason of the non-performance of the terms of such lease.
(2)If the trustee does not, within three months of his appoint­ment notify the lessor that he desires to continue the lease on behalf of the estate, he shall be deemed to have determined the lease at the end of such three months.
(3)The rent due under any such lease, from the date of the sequestration of the estate of the lessee to the determination or the cession thereof by the trustee, shall be included in the costs of sequestration.
(4)The determination of the lease by the trustee in terms of this section shall deprive the insolvent estate of any right to compensation for improvements, other than improvements made in terms of an agreement with the lessor, made on the leased property during the period of the lease.
(5)A stipulation in a lease that the lease shall terminate or be varied upon the sequestration of the estate of either party to the lease, shall be null and void.

38. Contract of service terminated by insolvency of employer

The sequestration of the estate of an employer shall terminate the contract of service between him and his employees, but any employee whose contract of service has been so terminated shall be entitled to claim compensation from the insolvent estate of his former employer for any loss which he may have suffered by reason of the termination of his contract of service prior to its expiration.

39. Time and place of meetings of creditors

(1)Whenever the Master convenes any meeting of creditors as hereinafter provided, he shall appoint it to be held at such time and place as he considers to be most convenient for all parties concerned and may, if necessary, alter the time and place of any such meeting: Provided that he shall publish in the Gazette sufficient notice of any such alteration.
(2)All meetings of creditors held in the district wherein there is a Master’s office shall be presided over by the Master. Meetings of creditors held in any other district shall be held in accordance with the direction of the Master and shall be presided over by the magistrate of the district, or by an officer holding the rank of chief or principal clerk designated by the Magistrate for that purpose or if no officer holding such rank is available, by any other officer in the public service designated by the magistrate for that purpose.
(3)The officer presiding at such a meeting shall keep a record of the proceedings, which he shall certify at the con­clusion of the proceedings, and if he is not the Master, he shall transmit the record to the Master.
(4)If at a meeting of creditors held in a district where there is no Master, an officer other than the Magistrate presides, the presiding officer shall state in the record of the proceedings the reason for the magistrate's absence.
(5)The officer presiding at a meeting of creditors may, if necessary or desirable, adjourn the meeting from time to time.
(6)The place where a meeting of creditors is held shall be accessible to the public and the publication of any statement made at such a meeting shall be privileged to the same extent as is the publication of a statement made in a court of law.

40. First and second meetings of creditors

(1)On the receipt of an order of the Court sequestrating an estate finally, the Master shall immediately convene by notice in the Gazette, a first meeting of the creditors of the estate for the proof of their claims against the estate and for the election of a trustee.
(2)The Master shall publish such notice on a date not less than ten days before the date upon which the meeting is to be held and shall in such notice state the time and place at which the meeting is to be held.
(3)After the first meeting of creditors and the appointment of a trustee, the Master shall appoint a second meeting of creditors for the proof of claims against the estate, and for the purpose of receiving the trustee's report on the affairs and condition of the estate, and of giving the trustee directions in connection with the administration of the estate. The trustee shall convene such meeting in the manner prescribed in sub-sections (1) and (2).

41. General meetings of creditors

The trustee of an insolvent estate may at any time and shall, whenever he is thereto required by the Master or by a Credi­tor or creditors representing one-fourth of the value of all claims proved against the estate, convene in the manner prescribed in section forty a meeting of creditors, hereinafter called a general meeting, to give him directions concerning any matter relating to the administration of the estate. In the notice convening the meeting the trustee shall state the matters to be dealt with at the meeting.

42. Special meetings of creditors

After the second meeting of creditors the trustee shall convene in the manner prescribed in section forty a special meeting of creditors for the proof of claims against the estate in question whenever he is thereto required by any interested person who at the same time tenders to the trustee payment of all expenses to be incurred in connection with such a meeting.

43. A creditor may register his name and address with trustee

Any person who claims to be a creditor of an insolvent estate may register his name and address in the Union with the trustee of th estate upon payment to the trustee of a fee of ten shillings. Thereupon the trustee shall send to that address a notice of every meeting of creditors of that estate and a copy of every account which he is submitting to the Master. Failure on the part of the trustee to comply with a provision of this section shall constitute a failure to perform his duties but shall not invalidate anything done under this Act.

44. Proof of liquidated claims against estate

(1)Any person or the representative of any person who has a liquidated claim against an insolvent estate, the cause of which arose before the sequestration of that estate, may, at any time before the final distribution of that estate in terms of section one hundred and thirteen but subject to the provisions of section one hundred and four, prove that claim in the manner hereinafter provided: Provided that no claim shall be proved against an estate alter the expiration of a period of three months as from the conclusion of the second meeting of creditors of the estate, except with leave of the Court or the Master, and on payment of such sum to cover the cost or any part thereof, occasioned by the late proof of the claim, as the Court or Master may direct.
(2)If a person who appears from the books of an insolvent estate to be a creditor of that estate, or who to the knowledge of the trustee in that estate is a creditor of that estate, has failed at the first or second meeting of creditors of that estate, to prove his claim against the estate, the trustee shall, immediately after the second meeting of creditors, notify him in writing of the sequestration of the estate.
(3)A claim made against an insolvent estate shall be proved at a meeting of the creditors of that estate to the satisfaction of the officer presiding at that meeting, who shall admit or reject the claim: Provided that the rejection of a claim shall not debar the claimant from proving that claim at a subsequent meeting of creditors or from establishing his claim by an action at law, but subject to the provisions of section seventy-five; and provided further that if a creditor has twenty-four or more hours before the commencement of a meeting of creditors submitted to the officer who is to preside at that meeting the affidavit and other documents mentioned in sub-section (4), he shall be deemed to have tendered proof of his claim at that meeting.
(4)Every such claim shall be proved by affidavit in a form corresponding substantially with Form C or D in the First Schedule to this Act. That affidavit may be made by the creditor or by any person fully cognizant of the claim, who shall set forth in the affidavit the facts upon which his know­ledge of the claim is based and the nature and particulars of the claim, whether it was acquired by cession after the insti­tution of the proceedings by which the estate was sequestrated, and if the creditor holds security therefor, the nature and particulars of that security and if he has not realised the security in terms of section eighty-three, the amount at which he values the security. The said affidavit or a copy thereof and any documents submitted in support of the claim shall be delivered at the office of the officer who is to preside at the meeting of creditors not later than twenty-four hours before the advertised time of the meeting at which the creditor concerned intends to prove the claim, tailing which the claim shall not be admitted to proof at that meeting, unless the presiding officer is of opinion that through no fault of the creditor he has been unable to deliver such evidences of his claim within the prescribed period: Provided that if a creditor has submitted an incorrect claim, he may, with the consent in writing of the Master given after consultation with the trustee and on such conditions as the Master may think fit to impose, correct his claim or submit a fresh correct claim.
(5)Any document by this section required to be delivered before a meeting of creditors at the office of the officer who is to preside at that meeting, shall be open for inspection at such office during office hours free of charge by any creditor, the trustee or the insolvent or the representative of any of them.
(6)A claim against an insolvent's estate for payment of the purchase price of goods sold and delivered to the insolvent on an open account shall not be admitted to proof unless there have been submitted to the insolvent, not later than three months after the opening of the account, a detailed statement thereof, and thereafter at intervals not exceeding three months detailed statements of account, each from the date up to which the previous statement was made up.
(7)The officer presiding at any meeting of creditors may of his own motion or at the request of the trustee or his agent or at the request of any creditor who has proved his claim, or his agent, call upon any person present at the meeting who wishes to prove or who has at any time proved a claim against the estate to take an oath, to be administered by the said officer, and to submit to interrogation by the said officer or by the trustee or his agent or by a creditor or the agent of a creditor whose claim has been proved, in regard to the said claim.
(8)If any person who wishes to prove or who has at any time proved a claim against the estate is absent from a meeting of creditors the officer who presided or who presides thereat, may summon him in writing to appear befores him at a place and time stated in the summons, for the purpose of being interrogated by the said officer or by the trustee or his agent or by a creditor or the agent of a creditor whose claim has been proved, and if he appears in answer to the summons the provisions of sub-section (7) shall apply.
(9)If any such person fails without reasonable excuse to appear in answer to such summons or having appeared or when present at any meeting of creditors refuses to take the oath or to submit to the said interrogation or to answer fully and satisfactorily any lawful question put to him, his claim, if already proved, may be expunged by the Master, and if not yet proved, may be rejected.

45. Trustee to examine claims

(1)After a meeting of creditors the officer who presided thereat shall deliver to the trustee every claim proved against the insolvent estate at that meeting and every document submitted in support of the claim.
(2)The trustee shall examine all available books and docu­ments relating to the insolvent estate for the purpose of ascertaining whether the estate in fact owes the claimant the amount claimed.
(3)If the trustee disputes a claim after it has been proved against the estate at a meeting of creditors, he shall report the fact in writing to the Master and shall state in his report his reasons for disputing the claim. Thereupon the Master may confirm the claim, or he may, after having afforded the claimant an opportunity to substantiate his claim, reduce or dis­allow the claim, and if he has done so, he shall forthwith notify the claimant in writing: Provided that such reduction or disallowance shall not debar the claimant from establishing his claim by an action at law, but subject to the provisions of section seventy-five.

46. Set-off

If two persons have entered into a transaction the result whereof is a set-off, wholly or in part, of debts which they owe one another and the estate of one of them is sequestrated within a period of six months after the taking place of the set-off, or if a person who had a claim against another person (hereinafter in this section referred to as the debtor) has ceded that claim to a third person against whom the debtor had a claim at the time of the cession, with the result that the one claim has been set-off, wholly or in part, against the other, and within a period of one year after the cession the estate of the debtor is sequestrated; then the trustee of the seques­trated estate may in either case abide by the set-off or he may, if the set-off was not effected in the ordinary course of business, with the approval of the Master disregard it and call upon the person concerned to pay to the estate the debt which he would owe it but for the set-off, and thereupon that person shall be obliged to pay that debt and may prove his claim against the estate as if no set-off had taken place.

47. Right of retention and landlord's legal hypothec

If a creditor of an insolvent estate who is in possession of any property belonging to that estate, to which he has a right of retention or over which he has a landlord’s legal hypothec, delivers that property to the trustee of that estate at the latter’s request, he shall not thereby lose the security afforded him by his right of retention or lose his legal hypothec, if, when delivering the property, he notifies the trustee in writing of his rights and in due course proves his claim against the estate: Provided, that a right to retain any hook or document of account which belongs to the insolvent estate or relates to the insolvent’s affairs shall not afford any security or preference in connection with any claim against the estate.

48. Proof of conditional claim

A creditor whose claim against an insolvent estate is dependent upon a condition, may prove that claim in the manner set forth in section forty-four but subject to the following provisions:—
(a)If the condition is of such a nature that it will be fulfilled, if at all, within a year of the sequestration, the creditor may prove his claim, but he shall have no vote in respect of that claim at a meeting of creditors. If a dividend is awarded on such a claim it shall he paid by the trustee to the Master, who shall pay it to the creditor, if the condition has been fulfilled, and otherwise shall return it to the trustee for distribution among the other creditors.
(b)If the condition is not such as is described in paragraph (a), the creditor may call upon the trustee at a meeting of creditors to place a value upon the claim and the trustee shall thereupon lay before the officer presiding at that meeting a written valuation of the claim with the reasons therefor, and the presiding officer shall admit that claim at such value as he may determine, or reject it: Provided that when the condition has been fulfilled, before the confirmation, by the Master, in terms of section one hundred and twelve, of a trustee's account in the liquidation of the estate, the creditor may prove his claim as if it had been unconditional.

49. Claims against partnership distinct from claims against partners

When the estate of a partnership and the estates of the partners in that partnership are under sequestration simultaneously, the creditors of the partnership shall not be entitled to prove claims against the estate of a partner and the creditors of a partner shall not be entitled to prove claims against the estate of the partnership; but the trustee of the estate of the partnership shall be entitled to any balance of a partner’s estate that may remain over alter satisfying the claims of the creditors of the partner's estate in so far as that balance is required to pay the partnership’s debts and the trustee of the estate of a partner shall be entitled to any balance of the partnership’s estate that may remain over after satisfying the claims of the creditors of the partnership estate, so far as that partner would have been entitled thereto, if his estate had not been sequestrated.

50. Arrear interest. Debt due after sequestration

(1)When a debt bearing interest became due before the sequestration of the debtor’s estate, the creditor to whom that debt is owing may include in his claim against the debtor’s estate in respect of that debt any interest thereon, which is in arrear, to the date of the sequestration.
(2)If a person, before the sequestration of his estate, incurred a debt which is payable upon a date (hereinafter referred to as the due date) after the date of the sequestration, the creditor, towards whom the debt was incurred, may claim from the insolvent estate the full amount of that debt as if it were payable on the date of sequestration: Provided that if the debt bears no interest and a distribution account in the estate in question is confirmed by the Master in terms of section one hundred and twelve before the due date, an amount shall be paid on that claim equal to the amount which would have been paid thereon under the distribution Account if the debt had been payable on the date of sequestration, less six per cent of that amount per annum, reckoned from the date of seques­tration to the due date.

51. Withdrawal of claim already proved against estate

(1)A creditor who has proved a claim against an insolvent estate may withdraw his claim by registered letters addressed to the Master and to the trustee and the latter shall in writing notify the other creditors of the withdrawal: Pro­vided that the creditor so withdrawing his claim shall remain liable in terms of section one hundred and six for his pro rata share of the costs of sequestration and all costa lawfully incurred by the trustee in connection with the sequestration up to the time when he received the creditor’s letter of withdrawal.
(2)A creditor who has so withdrawn his claim may, by registered letters addressed to the Master and to the trustee, cancel his withdrawal, but if he does so, he shall not become liable for any costs in connection with the sequestration for which he was not liable at the time of cancellation and be shall not be entitled to any payment out of the estate in respect of his claim until all the other creditors who have proved their claims before such cancellation have been paid in full.

52. Voting at meeting of creditors

(1)Save as in this section and in section forty-eight is otherwise provided, every creditor of an insolvent estate shall be entitled to vote at any meeting of the creditors of that estate as soon as his claim against the estate has been proved.
(2)The vote of any creditor shall be reckoned according to the value of his claim, except when it is provided in this Act that votes shall be reckoned in number.
(3)The vote of a creditor shall in no case be reckoned in number, unless his claim is of the value of at least thirty pounds.
(4)A creditor may not vote in respect of any claim which was ceded to him after the commencement of the proceedings by which the estate was sequestrated.
(5)A creditor holding any security for his claim shall, except in the election of a trustee and upon any matter affecting that security, be entitled to vote only in respect of the amount by which his claim exceeds the amount at which he valued his security when proving his claim, or if he did not value his security, in respect of the amount by which his claim exceeds the amount of the proceeds of the realization of his security in terms of section eighty-three.

53. Questions upon which creditors may vote

(1)A creditor may vote at a meeting of creditors upon all matters relating to the administration of the estate, but may not vote in regard to matters relating to the distribution of the assets of the estate, except for the purpose of directing the trustee to contest, compromise or admit any claim against the estate.
(2)Subject to the provisions of section fifty-four and sub­section (7) of section one hundred and nineteen every matter upon which a creditor may vote shall be determined by the majority of votes reckoned in accordance with sub-section (2) of section fifty-two, and every creditor may vote either personally or by an agent specially authorized thereto or acting under his general power of attorney.
(3)Every resolution of creditors at a meeting of creditors and the result of the voting on any matter as declared by the officer presiding at that meeting, shall be recorded upon the minutes of the meeting and shall be binding upon the trustee in so far as it is a direction to him; and no other direction of creditors shall be binding upon him.
(4)Any direction by creditors which infringes the rights of any creditor may be set aside by the Court on the application of the: creditor whose rights are affected or of the trustee with the consent of the Master.
(5)The creditors shall not be entitled to direct the trustee to employ or not to employ a particular attorney or auctioneer in connection with the administration of the estate but the creditors may recommend the employment of a particular attorney or auctioneer and if the trustee does not accept the recommendation, any creditor may submit the matter to the Master whose decision, after hearing the trustee, shall be final.

54. Election of trustee

(1)At the first mooting of the creditors of an insolvent estate the creditors who have proved their claims against the estate may elect one or two trustees.
(2)Any person who has obtained a majority in number and in value of the votes of the creditors entitled to vote, who voted at such meeting, shall be elected trustee.
(3)If no person has obtained such a majority of votes then—
(a)the person who has obtained a majority of votes in number, when no other person has obtained majority of votes in value, or has obtained a majority of votes in value, when no other person has obtained a majority of votes in number, shall be deemed to be elected sole trustee;
(b)if one person has obtained a majority of votes in value and another a majority of votes in number, both such persons shall be deemed to be elected trustees, and if either person declines a joint trusteeship, the other shall be deemed to be elected sole trustee.
(4)For the purposes of this section "majority of votes in number" means a greater number of votes (apart from the value of the claims which they represent, but subject to the provisions of sub-section (3) of section fifty-two) than has been obtained by any competitor and "majority of votes in value" means votes representing claims of a greater aggregate value than the votes obtained by any competitor.
(5)If at any meeting of creditors convened for the purpose of electing a trustee, no trustee is elected and the estate is not vested at the time of that meeting in a provisional trustee, the Master may appoint a trustee and if he does not so appoint a trustee, the Master or the insolvent with the Master's consent, may apply, at the cost of the estate, to the Court by petition to set aside the sequestration and the Court may make such order thereon as it thinks fit.

55. Persons disqualified from being trustees

Any of the following persons shall be disqualified from being elected or appointed a trustee:—
(a)Any insolvent;
(b)any person related to the insolvent concerned by consanguinity or affinity within the third degree;
(c)a minor or any other person under legal disability;
(d)any person who does not reside in the Union or in the Mandated Territory of South-West Africa;
(e)any person who has an interest opposed to the general interest of the creditors of the insolvent estate;
(f)a former trustee disqualified under section seventy-two;
(g)any person declared under section fifty-nine to be incapacitated for election as trustee, while any such incapacity lasts, or any person removed by the Court, on account of misconduct, from an office of trust;
(h)a corporate body;
(i)any person who has at any time been convicted (whether in the Union or elsewhere) of theft, fraud, forgery or uttering a forged document, or perjury and has been sentenced therefor to serve a term of imprison­ment without the option of a fine, or to a fine exceeding ten pounds;
(j)any person who was, at any time, a party to an agree­ment or arrangement with any debtor or creditor whereby he undertook that he would, when performing the functions of a trustee or assignee, grant or endeavour to grant to, or obtain or endeavour to obtain for any debtor or creditor any benefit not provided for by law;
(k)any person who has by means of any misrepresentation or any reward or offer of any reward, whether direct or indirect, induced or attempted to induce any person to vote for him as trustee or to effect or assist in effecting his election as trustee of any insolvent estate.

56. Appointment of trustee. Security for his administration

(1)If trustee was elected at a meeting of creditors at which a person other than the Master presided, the election shall not be valid unless it has been confirmed by the Master.
(2)When the Master is satisfied that any person elected as trustee was duly elected and when a person so elected has given security to the satisfaction of the Master for the proper performance of his duties as trustee, the Master shall confirm his election and appoint him as trustee by delivering to him a certificate of appointment, which shall be valid throughout the Union and the Mandated Territory of South-West Africa: Provided that if the Master is of the opinion that a person so elected is not suitable for appointment as trustee to the estate in question he may, in his discretion, decline to confirm the election of that person as trustee or to appoint him as such.
(3)On receipt of his certificate of appointment the trustee shall notify his appointment and address in the Gazette.
(4)When two trustees have been appointed or when the Master has appointed a co-trustee in terms of sub-section (5) of section fifty-seven, both or all three trustees shall act jointly in performing their functions as trustees and each of them shall be jointly and severally liable for every act performed by them jointly.
(5)Whenever two or three trustees disagree on any matter relating to the estate of which they are trustees one or more of them may refer the matter to the Master who may thereupon determine the question in issue.
(6)Subject to the provisions of sub-section (1) of section eighty-nine the cost of giving the security mentioned in sub­section (2), to an amount which the Master considers reasonable, shall he paid out of the estate in question as part of the costs of sequestration.
(7)When a trustee has, in the course of liquidating an insolvent estate accounted, to the Master, to his satisfaction, for any property in the estate, the Master may consent to a reduction of the security mentioned in sub-section (2) if he is satisfied that the reduced security will suffice to indemnify the estate or the creditors thereof against any maladminis­tration by the trustee of the remaining property in the estate.

57. Appointment of trustee or co-trustee by Master

(1)If a person who has been elected as trustee was not properly elected or is disqualified from being a trustee of the estate in question or has failed to give within a period of seven days as from the date upon which he was notified that the Master had confirmed his election, or within such further period as the Master may allow, the security mentioned in sub-section (2) of section fifty-six, or if the Master is of the opinion that the person elected is not suitable for appointment as trustee to the estate in question, the Master shall give notice in writing to the person so elected that he declines to confirm his election or to appoint him as trustee and shall, in that notice, state his reason for declining to confirm his election or to appoint him: Provided that if the Master declines to confirm the election of a trustee because he is of the opinion that the person elected is not suitable for appointment as trustee, it shall be sufficient if the Master states, in that notice, as such reason, that he is of the opinion that the person elected is not suitable for appointment as trustee to the estate in question.
(2)When the Master has declined to confirm the election of a trustee or to appoint a person elected as trustee, he shall in accordance with the provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) of section forty convene a meeting of the creditors of the estate in question for the purpose of electing another trustee in the place of the person whose election as trustee the Master declined to confirm or whom the Master declined to appoint. In the notice convening the meeting the Master shall state that he has declined to confirm the election of the person previously elected as trustee, or to appoint a person so elected, and the reasons therefor (but subject to the proviso to sub-section (1)), and that the meeting is convened for the purpose of electing another trustee. The Master shall post a copy of the notice to every creditor whose claim against the estate was previously proved and admitted.
(3)A meeting mentioned in sub-section (2) shall be deemed to be the continuation of a first meeting of creditors held after an adjournment thereof.
(4)If the Master declines, for any reason mentioned in sub­section (1), to confirm the election of a person who was elected as trustee at a meeting mentioned in sub-section (2), or to appoint a person so elected, he shall act in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1) and thereupon, if the person whose election the Master declined to confirm or whom the Master declined to appoint, was elected as sole trustee, or if two trus­tees were elected and the Master did not appoint both or one of them, the Master shall appoint as trustee of the estate in question any other person who is not disqualified from being a trustee of that estate.
(5)Whenever the Master considers it desirable, be may appoint a person not disqualified from holding the office of trustee who has given the security mentioned in sub-section (2) of section fifty-six as a co-trustee with the trustee or trustees of an insolvent estate.
(6)All the provisions of this Act, relating to a trustee shall apply to a trustee or a co-trustee appointed by the Master under this section.

58. Vacation of office of trustee

A trustee shall vacate his office—
(a)if his estate is sequestrated under this Act; or
(b)if an order is issued under the law relating to mental disorders for his reception and detention in an institution, or if he is declared by a competent court to be incapable of managing his own affairs; or
(c)if he is convicted of any offence and sentenced to serve any term of imprisonment without the option of a fine, or if he is convicted (whether in the Union or elsewhere) of theft, fraud, forgery or uttering a forged document, or perjury.

59. Court may declare a person disqualified from being a trustee, or remove a trustee

On the application of any person interested the Court may either before or after the appointment of a trustee, declare that the person appointed or proposed is disqualified from holding the office of trustee, and, if he has been appointed, may remove him from office and may in either case declare him incapable of being elected or appointed trustee under this Act during the period of his life or such other period as it may determine, if—
(a)he has accepted or expressed his willingness to accept from any person engaged to perform any work on behalf of the estate in question, any benefit whatever in connection with any matter relating to that estate; or
(b)in order to induce a creditor to vote for him at the election of a trustee or in return for his vote at such election, or in order to exercise any influence upon his election as trustee, he has—
(i)wrongfully omitted or included or been privy to the wrongful omission or inclusion of the name of a creditor from any record by this Act required; or
(ii)directly or indirectly given or offered or agreed to give to any person any consideration; or
(iii)offered to or agreed with any person to abstain from investigating any previous transactions of the insolvent concerned; or
(iv)been guilty of or privy to the splitting of claims for the purpose of increasing the number of votes.

60. Removal of trustee by Court

Upon the application of the Master or of any other person interested the Court may remove a trustee from his office on the ground—
(a)that he was not qualified for election or appointment as trustee or that his election or appointment was for any other reason illegal, or that he has become disqualified from election or appointment as a trustee; or
(b)that he has failed to perform satisfactorily any duty imposed upon him by this Act or to comply with a lawful demand of the Master; or
(c)that he is mentally or physically incapable of per­forming satisfactorily his duties as trustee.

61. Leave of absence or resignation of trustee

At the request of a trustee the Master may permit him to absent himself from the Union or may relieve him of his office, in either case upon such conditions as the Master may think fit to impose and subject to his giving such notice of his intention to absent himself from the Union or to resign as the Master may direct.

62. Election of new trustee

(1)When a Court has removed one of two joint trustees from office, it may order the convening of a meeting of the creditors of the estate in question for the purpose of electing a new trustee in the place of the trustee who was removed.
(2)When a sole trustee has vacated his office or has been removed from office, has resigned or died, the Master shall convene a meeting of the creditors of the estate in question for the purpose of electing a new trustee, and in the meantime the Master may appoint a provisional trustee for the preser­vation of the estate.
(3)When one of two joint trustees has vacated his office or has been removed from office, has resigned or died the Master may convene a meeting of the creditors of the estate in question for the purpose of electing a new trustee in the place of the trustee who has vacated his office or has been removed from office, has resigned or died, or if the Court has so ordered, in terms of sub-section (1), he shall convene such a meeting.
(4)The provisions of section fifty-four shall apply in connection with the election of a new trustee in terms of section.

63. Remuneration of trustee or curator bonis

(1)Every trustee or curator bonis shall be entitled to a reasonable remuneration for his services, to be taxed by the Master according to tariff B in the Second Schedule to this Act: Provided that the Master may, for good cause, reduce or increase his remuneration, or may disallow his remuneration either wholly or in part on account of any failure of or delay in the discharge of his duties or on account of any improper performance of his duties.
(2)A person who employs or is a fellow employee or is ordinarily in the employment of the trustee shall not be entitled to any remuneration out of the insolvent estate for services rendered to the estate, and a trustee or his partner shall not be entitled to any remuneration out of the estate for services rendered to the estate, except the remuneration to which under this Act he is entitled as trustee.

64. Insolvent find others to attend meetings of creditors

(1)An insolvent shall attend the first and second meetings of the creditors of his estate and every adjourned first and second meeting, unless he has previously obtained the written permission of the officer who is to preside or who presides at such meeting granted after consultation with the trustee to absent himself. The insolvent shall also attend any subsequent meeting of creditors if required so to do by written notice of the trustee of his estate.
(2)The officer who is to preside or who presides at any meeting of creditors may summon any person who is known or upon reasonable grounds believed to be or to have been in possession of any property which belonged to the insolvent before the sequestration of his estate or which belongs or belonged to the insolvent estate or to the spouse of the insolvent or to be indebted to the estate, or any person (including the insolvent’s spouse) who in the opinion of said officer may be able to give any material information concerning the insolvent or his affairs (whether before or after the sequestration of his estate) or concerning any property belonging to the estate or concerning the business, affairs or property of the insolvent’s spouse, to appear at such meeting or adjourned meeting for the purpose of being interrogated under section sixty-five.
(3)The said officer may also summon any person who is known or upon reasonable grounds believed to have in his possession or custody or under his control any book or docu­ment containing any such information as is mentioned in sub­section (2), to produce that book or document, or an extract therefrom at any such meeting of creditors.

65. Interrogation of insolvent and other witnesses

(1)At any meeting of the creditors of an insolvent estate the officer presiding thereat may call and administer the oath to the insolvent and any other person present at the meeting who was or might have been summoned in terms of sub-section (2) of section sixty-four and the said officer, the trustee and any creditor who has proved a claim against the estate or the agent of any of them may interrogate a person so called and sworn concerning all matters relating to the insolvent or his business or affairs, whether before or after the sequestration of his estate, and concerning any property belonging to his estate, and concerning the business, affairs or property of his or her spouse: Provided that the presiding officer shall disallow any question which is irrelevant and may disallow any question which would prolong the inter­rogation unnecessarily.
(2)In connection with the production of any book or docu­ment in compliance with a summons issued under sub-section (3) of section sixty-four or at an interrogation of a person under sub-section (1) of this section, the law relating to privilege as applicable to a witness summoned to produce a book or document or giving evidence in a court of law, shall apply: Provided that a banker at whose bank the insolvent in question or his or her spouse keeps or at any time kept an account, shall be obliged to produce, if summoned to do so under subsection (3) of section sixty-four, any cheque in his possession which was drawn by the insolvent or his or her spouse within one year before the sequestration of the insolvent’s estate, or if any cheque so drawn is not available, then any record of the payment, date of payment and amount of that cheque which may be available to him, or a copy of such a record and if called upon to do so, to give any other information available to him in connection with such cheque or the account of the insolvent or his or her spouse; and pro­vided further that a person interrogated under sub-section (1) shall not be entitled at such interrogation to refuse to answer any question upon the ground that the answer would tend to incriminate him.
(3)The presiding officer shall reduce to writing or cause to be reduced to writing the statement of any person giving evidence under this section: Provided that if a person who may be required to give evidence under this section made to the trustee or his agent a statement which was reduced to writing, or delivered a statement in writing to the trustee or his agent, that statement may he read by or read over to that person when he is called as a witness under this section and if then adhered to by him, shall be deemed to be evidence given under this section.
(4)The insolvent shall at such interrogation be required to make a declaration that he has made a full and true dis­closure of all his affairs.
(5)Any evidence given under this section shall be admissible in any proceedings instituted against the person who gave that evidence.
(6)Any person called upon to give evidence under this section may be assisted at his interrogation by counsel, an attorney or agent.
(7)Any person summoned to attend a meeting of creditors for the purpose of being interrogated under this section (other than the insolvent and his or her spouse) shall be entitled to witness fees to be paid out of the estate, to which he would be entitled if he were a witness in any civil proceedings in a Court of law.
(8)If the insolvent or his or her spouse is called upon to attend any meeting of creditors held after the second meeting or an adjourned second meeting, he or she shall be entitled to an allowance out of the insolvent estate to defray his or her necessary expenses in connection with such attendance.

66. Enforcing summonses and giving of evidence

(1)If a person summoned under section sixty-four fails to appear at a meeting of creditors, in answer to the summons, or fail to remain in attendance at that meeting the officer presiding at such meeting may issue a warrant, authorizing any member of the police force to apprehend the person sum­moned and to bring him before the said officer.
(2)Unless the person summoned satisfies the said officer that he had a reasonable excuse for his failure to answer the summons, or for absenting himself from the meeting, the said officer may commit him to prison to be detained there until such time as the said officer may appoint, and the officer in charge of the prison or gaol to which the said person was committed, shall detain him and produce him at the time and place appointed by the first-mentioned officer for his production.
(3)If a person summoned as aforesaid, appears in answer to the summons but fails to produce any book or document which he was summoned to produce, or if any person who may be interrogated at a meeting of creditors in terms of sub-section (1) of section sixty-five refuses to be sworn by the officer presiding at a meeting of creditors at which he is called upon to give evidence or refuses to answer any question lawfully put to him under the said section or does not answer the question fully and satisfactorily, the officer may issue a warrant committing the said person to prison, where he shall be detained until he has undertaken to do what is required of him, but subject to the provisions of sub-section (5).
(4)If a person who has been released from prison after having undertaken in terms of sub-section (3) to do what is required of him, fails to fulfil his undertaking, the said officer may commit him to prison as often as may be necessary to compel him to do what is required of him.
(5)Any person committed to prison under this section may apply to the Court for his discharge from custody and the Court may order his discharge if it finds that he was wrongfully committed to prison or is being wrongfully detained.
(6)In connection with the apprehension of a person or with the committal of a person to prison under this section, the officer who issued the warrant of apprehension or committal to prison shall enjoy the same immunity which is enjoyed by a judicial officer in connection with any act performed by him in the exercise of his functions.

67. Steps to be taken on suspicion of an offence

(1)If it appears from any statement made at an interrogation under section sixty-five that there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that any person has committed any offence the Master shall transmit the said statement, or a certified copy thereof, and all necessary documents to the Attorney-General of the Province wherein the interrogation was held or the offence is suspected to have been committed, or, if the interrogation was held or offence is suspected to have been committed within the jurisdiction of the Eastern Districts of the Cape of Good Hope Local Division of the Supreme Court, to the Solicitor-General of the Eastern Districts of the Cape of Good Hope, to enable that Attorney-General or the Solicitor-General to determine whether any criminal proceedings shall be instituted in the matter.
(2)When any such statement has been made at a meeting at which an officer other than the Master presided, the presiding officer, when transmitting the record of the proceedings to the Master, in terms of sub-section (3) of section thirty-nine, shall direct the attention of the Master to what appears to him to be reasonable grounds for suspecting that the insolvent has been guilty of a contravention of this Act.
(3)For the purposes of this section and sections sixty-four and sixty-five, a person who was, before the sequestration of an estate, an executor, curator or administrator of that estate, shall after the sequestration of that estate, be deemed to be an insolvent in relation to that estate.

68. Presumption as to record of proceedings and validity of acts at meetings of creditors

(1)Any record purporting to be a record of any pro­ceedings at a meeting of the creditors of an insolvent estate held under this Act and purporting to have been signed by a person describing himself as Master, magistrate or other presiding officer shall, upon its mere production by any person, be received as prima facie evidence of the proceedings recorded therein.
(2)Unless the contrary is proved, it shall be presumed that any meeting, of the proceedings whereat there was kept and signed such a record as is mentioned in sub-section (1), was duly convened and held and that all acts performed thereat were validly performed.

69. Trustee must take charge of property of estate

(1)Immediately after his appointment a trustee shall take into his possession or under his control all movable pro­perty, books and documents belonging to the estate of which he is trustee.
(2)If the trustee has reason to believe that any such pro­perty, book or document is concealed or otherwise unlawfully withheld from him, he may apply to the magistrate having jurisdiction for a search warrant mentioned in sub-section (3).
(3)If it appears to a magistrate to whom such application is made, from a statement made upon oath, that there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that any property, book or document belonging to an insolvent estate is concealed upon any person, or at any place or upon or in any vehicle or vessel or receptacle of whatever nature, or is otherwise unlawfully withheld from the trustee concerned, within the area of the magistrate’s jurisdiction, he may issue a warrant to search for and take possession of that property, book or document.
(4)Such a warrant shall be executed in a like manner as a warrant to search for stolen property, and the person executing the warrant shall deliver any article seized thereunder to the trustee.

70. Opening of banking account

(1)The trustee of an insolvent estate shall open an account in the name of the estate with a bank within the Union, and shall deposit therein to the credit of the estate from time to time all sums received by him on behalf of the estate. All cheques or orders drawn upon that account shall contain the name of the payee and the cause of payment and shall be drawn to order and be signed by every trustee of the estate or by his agent.
(2)Within fourteen days after his appointment the trustee shall give to the Master notice in writing of the bank and branch thereof with which the said account has been or will be opened, and he shall not, without the written permission of the Master, transfer that account from that branch.
(3)The Master and any surety for the trustee, or any person authorised by such surety, shall have the same right to infor­mation in regard to that account as the trustee himself pos­sesses, and may examine all vouchers in relation thereto, whether in the hands of the bank or of the trustee.
(4)The Master may, after notice to the trustee, direct the manager of the said branch of the bank in writing to pay over into the Guardians’ Fund all moneys standing to the credit of that account at the time of the receipt, by the said manager, of that direction, and all moneys which may thereafter be paid into that account, and the said manager shall carry out that direction.

71. Record of all receipts

(1)Immediately after his appointment the trustee of an insolvent estate shall open a book wherein he shall enter as soon as possible a statement of all moneys, goods, books, accounts and other documents received by him on behalf of the estate.
(2)The Master may at any time direct the trustee in writing to produce the said book for inspection and every creditor who has proved his claim against the estate, and, if the Master so orders, every person claiming to be a creditor or a surety for the trustee may inspect the said book at all reasonable times.

72. Unlawful retention of moneys or use of property by trustees

(1)A trustee who, without lawful cause, retains any money exceeding twenty pounds belonging to the estate of which he is trustee, or knowingly permits his co-trustee to retain such a sum of money longer than the earliest day after its receipt on which it was possible for him or his co-trustee to pay that money into a bank, or who uses or knowingly permits his co-trustee to use any property of the estate except for the benefit of the estate, shall, in addition to any other penalty to which he may be liable, be liable to pay into the estate an amount equal to double the amount so retained or double the value of the property so used.
(2)The amount which a trustee is so liable to pay may be deducted from any claim which the said trustee may have against the estate in question or may be recovered from him by action in a court of law at the instance of his co-trustee, the Master or any creditor of the estate who has proved his claim.
(3)A person whose estate is sequestrated while he is, in terms of sub-section (1) indebted to an estate of which he was trustee for any sum of money which he misappropriated from that estate, shall be forever incapable of holding the office of trustee, provisional trustee, liquidator, curator dative, tutor dative, curator bonis, or executor dative.

73. Trustee may obtain legal advice

(1)A trustee may obtain legal advice on any question of law affecting the administration or distribution of the estate of which he is trustee and may employ an attorney or an attorney and counsel for the institution or defence of legal proceedings on behalf of or against the estate, and all costs incurred by the trustee under this section as well as costs awarded against the estate in those legal proceedings, in so far as they result from any action taken by the trustee under this sub-section, shall be included in the cost of the sequestration of the estate: Provided that, subject to the provisions of sub-section (4) of section fifty-three, the trustee shall not institute or defend any legal proceedings on behalf of the estate, unless he has been authorized thereto by the creditors or by the Master.
(2)All costs incurred under this section which are not the subject of taxation by the taxing officer of the Court, shall be taxed by the Master according to a tariff framed by him.

74. Improper advising or conduct of legal proceedings

If it appears to the Court that any attorney or counsel has, with intent to benefit himself, improperly advised the institution, defence or conducting of legal proceedings by or against an insolvent estate or has incurred any unnecessary expense therein, the Court may order the whole or part of the expense thereby incurred to be borne by that attorney or counsel personally.

75. Legal proceedings against estate

(1)Any civil legal proceedings instituted against a debtor before the sequestration of his estate shall lapse upon the expiration of a period of three weeks as from the date, of the first meeting of the creditors of that estate, unless the person who instituted those proceedings gave notice, within that period, to the trustee of that estate, or if no trustee has been appointed, to the Master, that he intends to continue those proceedings, and after the expiration of a period of three weeks as from the date of such notice, prosecutes those proceedings with reasonable expedition: Provided that the Court in which the pro­ceedings are pending may permit the said person (on such conditions as it may think fit to impose) to continue those proceedings even though he failed to give such notice within the said period, if it finds that there was a reasonable excuse for such failure.
(2)After the confirmation, by the Master, of any trustee’s account in an insolvent estate in terms of section one hundred and twelve, no person shall institute any legal proceedings against that estate in respect of any liability which arose before its sequestration: Provided that the Court in which it is sought to institute proceedings may, on such conditions as it may think fit to impose, but subject to the provisions of the said section, permit the institution of such proceedings after the said confirmation, if it finds that there was a reasonable excuse for the delay in instituting such proceedings.

76. Continuance of pending legal proceedings by surviving or new trustee

(1)Whenever a trustee of an insolvent estate has vacated his office or has been removed from office or has resigned or died, no legal proceedings previously instituted, in which the said estate is involved, shall lapse merely by reason of the vacating, removal, resignation or death.
(2)The Court in which any such proceedings are pending may, upon receiving notice of the vacating, removal, resignation or death, allow the name of the surviving or new trustee to be substituted for the name of the former, and the pro­ceedings shall thereupon continue as if the surviving or new trustee had originally represented the estate in those pro­ceedings.

77. Recovery of debts due to estate

A trustee shall, in the notification of his appointment in the Gazette, in terms of sub-section (3) of section fifty-six, call upon all persons indebted to the estate of which he is trustee to pay their debts within a period and at a place mentioned in that notice, and if any such person fails to do so, the trustee shall forthwith recover payment from him, if need be by legal proceedings.

78. Extension of time for payment or compounding of debts due to estate, and arbitration

(1)The trustee may accept from a debtor of the insolvent estate who is unable to pay his debt in full, any reasonable part of the debt in discharge of the whole debt or grant any debtor of the estate an extension of time for the payment of his debt in so far as this is compatible with the provisions of section ninety-one: Provided that if the debt exceeds fifty pounds, the trustee shall not accept a part of the debt in dis­charge of the whole debt, unless he has been authorized thereto by the creditors of the estate, or if no creditor has proved a claim against the estate, by the Master.
(2)If authorized thereto by the creditors, or if no creditor has proved a claim against the estate, by the Master, the trustee may submit to the determination of arbitrators any dispute concerning the estate or any claim or demand upon the estate, when the opposite party consents to arbitration.
(3)If authorized thereto by the creditors or if no creditor has proved a claim against the estate, by the Master, the trustee may compromise or admit any claim against the estate, whether liquidated, or unliquidated if proof thereof was tendered at a meeting of creditors, but the claim was wholly or partly rejected. When a claim has been socompromised or admitted, or when it has been settled by a judgment of a court, it shall be deemed to have been proved and admitted against the estate in the manner set forth in section forty-four, unless the creditor informs the trustee in writing within seven days of the compromise or admission or judgment that he abandons his claim: Provided that the preceding provisions of this sub-section shall not debar the trustee from appealing against such judgment if authorized thereto by the creditors.

79. Subsistence allowance for insolvent and family

At any time before the second meeting of creditors the trustee may, with the consent of the Master, allow the insolvent such moderate sum of money or such moderate quantity of goods out of the estate as may appear to the trustee to be necessary for the support of the insolvent and his dependants.

80. Continuation of insolvent's business

(1)A trustee shall not carry on the business of the in­solvent concerned or any part thereof unless authorized thereto by the creditors of the insolvent’s estate or, in the absence of instructions from the creditors, by the Master.
(2)If the trustee is authorized to carry on any such business, he shall, unless the creditors have otherwise directed him, purchase for cash only and only out of the takings of that business any goods which he may require for that business.

81. Trustees report to creditors

(1)A trustee shall investigate the affairs and transactions of the insolvent concerned before the sequestration of his estate and shall, at the second meeting or at an adjourned second meeting of the creditors of that estate, submit a full written report on those affairs and transactions and on any matter of importance relating to the insolvent or the estate, and more especially in regard to—
(a)the assets and liabilities of the estate;
(b)the cause of the debtor's insolvency;
(c)the books relating to the insolvent’s affairs, and the question whether the insolvent appears to have kept a proper record of his transactions, and if not, in what respect the record is insufficient, defective or incorrect;
(d)the question whether the insolvent appears to have contravened this Act or to have committed any other offence;
(e)any allowance he has made to the insolvent in terms of section seventy-nine and the reasons therefor;
(f)any business which he may have been carrying on behalf of the estate, any goods he may have purchased for that business, and the result of carrying on that business;
(g)any legal proceedings instituted by or against the insolvent which were suspended by the sequestration of his estate which may be pending or threatened against the estate;
(h)any matter mentioned in section thirty-five or thirty-seven;
(i)any matter in regard to the administration or realization of the estate requiring the direction of the creditors.
(2)For the purpose of any investigation mentioned in sub­section (1) the Commissioner for Inland Revenue and the officers under him shall (notwithstanding the provisions of the law relating to income tax) permit a trustee to inspect any return rendered to the Commissioner by or on behalf of the insolvent in question in connection with income tax, and shall permit the trustee to make copies of any such return. At the request of the trustee the said Commissioner or any officer under him who is in charge of any such return shall certify as correct any such copy which is correct, and if any entry in such return is relevant in any proceedings, whether civil or criminal, in which the insolvent estate or the insolvent is involved, that return or a copy thereof, purporting to have been certified as aforesaid, shall be admissible in evidence in those proceedings, on its mere production by any person and any such certified copy shall have the same force and effect as the original return.
(3)The creditors may direct what action the trustee shall take in regard to any matter reported to them under paragraph (e), (f), (g), (h) or (i) of sub-section (1) and failing any such directions the trustee may exercise his discretion in any such matter, but subject to any provision of this Act relating thereto.
(4)The trustee shall render such assistance in connection with any prosecution or contemplated prosecution of the insolvent, under this Act, as the Master may direct him to render.

82. Sale of property after second meeting and manner of sale

(1)Subject to the provisions of sections eighty-three and ninety the trustee of an insolvent estate shall, as soon as he is authorised to do so at the second meeting of the creditors of that estate, sell all the property in that estate in such manner and upon such conditions as the creditors may direct: Provided that if any rights acquired from the State under a lease, licence, purchase, or allotment of land is an asset in that estate, the trustee shall, in his administration of the estate, act in accordance with those provisions (if any) which by the law under which the rights were acquired, are expressed to apply in the event of the sequestration of the estate of the person who acquired those rights: Provided that if the creditors have not prior to the final closing of the second meeting of creditors of that estate given any directions the trustee shall sell the property by public auction or public tender. A sale by public auction or public tender shall be after notice in the Gazette and after such other notices as the Master may direct and in the absence of directions from creditors as to the conditions of sale, upon such conditions as the Master may direct.
(2)When the sale is by public tender, every tenderer shall transmit his tender in duplicate in a sealed envelope to the Master, or if the Master has so directed, to a magistrate specified by him. The Master or such magistrate shall keep each tender unopened until the expiry of the period for the lodging of tenders. He shall then open the sealed envelopes and, in the case of the Master, file one duplicate of each tender or, in the case of the magistrate, transmit one duplicate of each tender to the Master. The Master or the magistrate (as the case may be) shall forthwith transmit the other duplicate of each tender to the trustee. The trustee or his representative shall have the right to be present when the Master or the magistrate opens the tenders.
(3)If, after the opening of the tenders, any person makes an offer for the property to which the tenders relate, it shall be rejected although it may be better than the best tender: Provided that if such person—
(a)requests the trustee to call for fresh tenders and pays to him the expenses to be incurred in connection therewith; and
(b)undertakes to tender for the property in question, and to pay, if his tender is accepted, an amount not less than the amount of the said offer; and
(c)deposits with the trustee the sum of one hundred pounds or a bank guarantee for the payment of that sum,
the trustee shall call for fresh tenders and notify that fact and the amount of the aforesaid offer to every person who tendered previously.
(4)If the person who made the aforesaid offer, fails to make a tender equal to or better than the said offer, the said sum of one hundred pounds shall be forfeited to the estate.
(5)After the opening of the fresh tenders no further offer for the property in question shall be considered and unless the creditors have otherwise directed, or if they have given no directions, unless the Master has otherwise directed, the trustee shall accept the best tender or reject all the tenders and sell the property by public auction.
(6)From the sale of the movable property shall be excepted the wearing apparel and bedding of the insolvent and the whole or such part of his household furniture, and tools and other essential means of subsistence as the creditors, or if no creditor has proved a claim against the estate, as the Master may deter­mine and the insolvent shall be allowed to retain, for his own use any property so excepted from the sale.
(7)The trustee or an auctioneer employed to sell property of the estate in question, or the trustee's or the auctioneer's spouse, partner, employer, employee or agent shall not acquire any property of the estate unless the acquisition is confirmed by an order of the Court.
(8)If any person other than a person mentioned in sub­section (7) has purchased in good faith from an insolvent estate any property which was sold to him in contravention of this section, or if any person in good faith and for value acquired from a person mentioned in sub-section (7) any property which the last mentioned person acquired from an insolvent estate in contravention of that sub-section, the purchase or other acquisition shall nevertheless be valid, but the person who sold or otherwise disposed of the property shall be liable to make good to the estate twice the amount of the loss which the estate may have sustained as a result of the dealing with the property in contravention of this section.

83. Realization of securities for claims

(1)A creditor of an insolvent estate who holds as security for his claim any movable property shall, before the second meeting of the creditors of that estate, give notice in writing of that fact to the Master, and to the trustee if one has been appointed.
(2)If such property consists of a marketable security or a bill of exchange, the creditor may, after giving the notice mentioned in sub-section (1) and before the second meeting of creditors, realise the property in the manner and on the conditions mentioned in sub-section (8).
(3)If such property does not consist of a marketable security or a bill of exchange, the trustee may, within seven days as from the receipt of the notice mentioned in sub-section (1) or within seven days as from the date upon which the certificate of appointment issued by the Master in terms of sub-section (1) of section eighteen or sub-section (2) of section fifty-six reached him, whichever be the later, take over the property from the creditor at a value agreed upon between the trustee and the creditor or at the full amount of the creditor’s claim, and if the trustee does not so take over the property the creditor may, after the expiration of the said period but before the said meeting, realise the property in the manner and on the conditions mentioned in sub-section (8).
(4)If no trustee has been appointed before the said meeting, the creditor may, with the permission in writing of the Master and before the said meeting, realise in manner and on the conditions mentioned, in sub-section (8) any such property which he is not entitled to realise in terms of sub-section (2).
(5)The creditor shall, as soon as possible after he has realized such property, prove in terms of section forty-four the claim thereby secured and he shall attach to the affidavit submitted in proof of his claim a statement of the proceeds of the realization and of the facts on which he relies for his preference.
(6)If he has not so realized such property before the second meeting of creditors, he shall as soon as possible after the commencement of that meeting deliver the property to the trustee, for the benefit of the insolvent estate and if the creditor has not delivered the said property to the trustee within a period of three days as from the commencement of the said meeting the trustee may demand from him delivery of such property. If the creditor fails to comply with such demand of the trustee, the Master, at the request of the trustee and after notice to the creditor shall direct the deputy-sheriff within whose area of jurisdiction the property is situate to attach the property and to deliver it to the trustee, and in that case the creditor shall be liable for the deputy-sheriff’s costs, as taxed and allowed by the Master. If those costs cannot be recovered from the creditor, they shall be paid out of the estate as part of the costs of the sequestration.
(7)When the trustee has received the property mentioned in sub-section (6), the said creditor may prove his claim and place a value upon the said property in terms of sub-section (4) of section forty-four.
(8)The creditor may realise such property in the manner and on the conditions following, that is to say—
(a)if it is any property of a class ordinarily sold through a stockbroker the creditor may forthwith sell it through a broker approved of by the trustee or the Master;
(b)if it is a bill of exchange, the creditor may realise it in any manner approved of by the trustee or by the Master;
(c)if it consists of a right of action, the creditor shall not realise it except with the approval of the trustee or of the Master;
(d)if it is any other property, the creditor may sell it by public auction after affording the trustee a reasonable opportunity to inspect it and after giving such notice of the time and place of the sale as the trustee directed.
(9)As soon as the trustee has directed a creditor in terms of paragraph (d) of sub-section (8) to give notice of a sale by public auction, the trustee shall give notice in writing to all the other creditors of the estate in question of the time and place of the proposed sale.
(10)Whenever a creditor has realised his security as hereinbefore provided he shall forthwith pay the nett proceeds of the realisation to the trustee, or if there is no trustee, to the Master and thereafter the creditor shall be entitled to payment, out of such proceeds, of his preferent claim if such claim was proved and admitted as provided by section forty-four and the trustee or the Master is satisfied that the claim was in fact secured by the property so realised. If the trustee disputes the pre­ference, the creditor may either lay before the Master an objection under section one hundred and eleven to the trustee's account, or apply to Court, after notice of motion to the trustee, for an order compelling the trustee to pay him forth­with. Upon such application the Court may make such order as to it seems just.
(11)If a creditor has valued his security when proving his claim, the trustee, if authorized by the creditors, may, unless the creditor has realized his security in terms of sub-section (2) or (3), within three months as from the date of his ap­pointment or as from the date of the proof of the claim (whichever is the later) take over the property which con­stitutes the security (whether that property be movable or immovable) at the value placed thereon by the creditor when his claim was proved: Provided that if two or more creditors have a pledge or mortgage of the same property, a creditor who has valued his security shall be deemed to have valued, and the trustee shall be entitled to take over, only the preferent rights of the creditor in respect of the pro­perty, and not the property itself. If the trustee does not, within that period, take over the said property or security he shall realise it for the benefit of all creditors whose claims are secured thereby, according to their respective rights.
(12)If the claim of a secured creditor exceeds the sum payable to him in respect of his security he shall be entitled to rank against the estate in respect of the excess, as an unsecured creditor, and if the nett proceeds of any such property exceed all claims secured thereby the balance, after payment of those claims, shall be added to the other free residue (if any) in the estate in question.
(13)The provisions of this section shall apply mutatis mutandis in respect of any separate creditor for value of a solvent spouse mentioned in section twenty-one, whose claim against that spouse is secured by any special mortgage, land­lord’s legal hypothec, pledge or right of retention in respect of any property belonging to that spouse.

84. Special provision in case of sale of goods under a suspensive condition or of hire-purchase agreement

(1)If any property was delivered to a person (hereinafter referred to as the debtor) under an agreement which provided for the passing of the ownership of that property when certain payments prescribed in the agreement have been made, such agreement shall be regarded on the sequestration of the debtor's estate as creating in favour of the other party to the agreement (hereinafter referred to as the creditor) a hypothec over that property whereby the amount still due to him under the agreement is secured. The trustee of the debtor's insolvent estate shall, if required by the creditor, deliver the property to him, and thereupon the creditor shall be deemed to be holding that property as security for his claim and the provisions of section eighty-three shall apply.
(2)If the debtor returned the property to the creditor within a period of one month prior to the sequestration of the debtor’s estate, the trustee may demand that the creditor deliver to him that property or the value thereof at the date when it was so returned to the creditor, subject to payment to the creditor by the trustee or to deduction from the value (as the case may be) of the difference between the total amount payable under the said agreement and the total amount actually paid thereunder, If the property is delivered to the trustee the provisions of sub-section (1) shall apply.

85. Exclusion or limitation of preference under legal hypothec

(1)A tacit or legal hypothec (other than a landlord’s legal hypothec or the hypothec mentioned in sub-section (1) of section eighty-four) shall not confer any preferent right against an insolvent estate.
(2)A landlord’s legal hypothec shall confer a preference with regard to any article subject to that hypothec for any rent due in respect of any period immediately prior to and up to the date of sequestration but not exceeding—
(a)three months, if the rent is payable monthly or at shorter intervals than one month;
(b)six months, it the rent is payable at intervals exceeding one month but not exceeding three months;
(c)nine months, if the rent is payable at intervals exceed­ing three months but not exceeding six months;
(d)fifteen months in any other case.

86. Effect of general bond and general clause

No general mortgage bond registered after the thirty-first day of December, 1916, shall confer any preference in respect of immovable property, and no general clause in a special mortgage bond registered after the said date shall confer any preference in respect of any property: Provided that the preceding provisions of this section shall not affect any preference conferred by a general clause in any mortgage bond passed before the commencement of this Act by a widower or widow in favour of a Master, for the purpose of securing the payment to his or her child of any sum of money due to the child from the estate of the widower's or widow's deceased spouse.

87. Ranking of mortgages for future debts

Priority under any mortgage bond to secure the payment of future debts shall depend on the date of the registration of that mortgage bond, and not on the date upon which any such debt comes into existence.

88. Certain mortgages are invalid

A mortgage bond, other than a kustingsbrief, whether special or general, passed for the purpose of securing the payment of a debt not previously secured, which was incurred more than two months prior to the lodging of the bond with the registrar of deeds concerned for registration or for the purpose of securing the payment of a debt incurred in novation of or substitution for any such first-mentioned debt, shall not confer any preference if the estate of the mortgage debtor is sequestrated within a period of six months after such lodging: Provided that a mortgage bond shall be deemed not to have been lodged as aforesaid, if it was withdrawn from registration.

89. Costs to which securities are subject

(1)The cost of maintaining, conserving, and realising any property shall be paid out of the proceeds of that property, if sufficient, and if insufficient and that property is subject to a special mortgage, landlord’s legal hypothec, pledge, or right of retention the deficiency shall be paid by those creditors, pro rata, who have proved their claims and who would have been entitled, in priority to other persons, to payment of their claims out of those proceeds if they had been sufficient to cover the said cost and those claims. The trustee's remuneration in respect of any such property and a proportionate share of the costs incurred by the trustee in giving security for his proper administration of the estate, calculated on the proceeds of the sale of the property, a pro­portionate share of the Master’s fees, and if the property is immovable, any tax as defined in sub-section (5) which is or will become due thereon in respect of any period not exceeding two years immediately preceding the date of the sequestration of the estate in question and in respect of the period from that date to the date of the transfer of that property by the trustee of that estate, with any interest or penalty which may be due on the said tax in respect of any such period, shall form part of the costs of realization.
(2)If a secured creditor (other than a secured creditor upon whose petition the estate in question was sequestrated) states in his affidavit submitted in support of his claim against the estate that he relies for the satisfaction of his claim solely on the proceeds of the property which constitutes his security, he shall not be liable for any costs of sequestration other than the costs specified in sub-section (1), and other than costs for which he may be liable under paragraph (a) or (b) of the proviso to section one hundred and six.
(3)Any interest due on a second claim in respect of any period not exceeding two years immediately preceding the date of sequestration shall be likewise secured as if it were part of the capital sum.
(4)Notwithstanding the provisions of any law which prohibits the transfer of any immovable property unless any tax as defined in sub-section (5) due thereon has been paid, that law shall not debar the trustee of an insolvent estate from transferring any immovable property in that estate for the purpose of liquidating the estate, if he has paid the tax which may have been due on that property in respect of the periods mentioned in sub-section (1) and no preference shall be accorded to any claim for such a tax in respect of any other period.
(5)For the purposes of sub-sections (1) and (4) " tax " in relation to immovable property means any amount payable periodically in respect of that property to the State or for the benefit of a provincial administration or to a body estab­lished by or under the authority of any law in discharge of a liability to make such periodical payments, if that liability is an incident of the ownership of that property.

90. Land Bank not affected by this Act

The provisions of this Act shall not affect the provisions of any other law which confer powers and impose duties upon the Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa in relation to any property belonging to an insolvent estate.

91. Liquidation account and plan of distribution or contribution

Subject to the provisions of sections one hundred and nine and one hundred and ten, a trustee shall—
(a)within a period of six months as from the date of his appointment, if the value of the assets in the estate in question amounts to two hundred and fifty pounds or more; or
(b)within a period of three months as from the date of his appointment, if the value of the assets in the estate amounts to less than two hundred and fifty pounds,
submit to the Master a liquidation account and a plan of distri­bution of the proceeds of the property in the estate available for payment to creditors, or, if all realisable property in the estate has been realized and brought to account and the proceeds are insufficient to cover the costs and charges mentioned in sections ninety-six and ninety-seven, a plan of contribution apportioning the liability for the deficiency among the creditors who are liable to contribute.

92. Manner of framing liquidation account

(1)A liquidation account shall contain an accurate record of all moneys received and of all moneys disbursed by the trustee otherwise than in the course of a business which he carried on for the insolvent estate in question.
(2)The record of each such receipt and disbursement shall set forth the amount and date thereof and sufficient particulars to explain its nature.
(3)The liquidation account shall be accompanied by the trustee’s bank pass book and by vouchers in support of the record of receipts and disbursements.
(4)If a liquidation account is not the final liquidation account, the trustee shall further set forth therein—
(a)all property still unrealized;
(b)all outstanding debts due to the estate;
(c)the reasons why that property has not been realized or those debts have not been collected.
In that event the trustee shall, from time to time and as the Master may direct, but at least once in every six months, unless he has received an extension of time as provided in section one hundred and nine, frame and submit to the Master periodical accounts in form and in all other respects similar to the account mentioned in sub-sections (1) and (2).
(5)If the estate, of a partnership is under sequestration, separate trustees’ accounts shall be framed in the estate of the partnership and in the estate of each member of that partnership whose estate is under sequestration.

93. Trading account

If the trustee has carried on any business on behalf of the estate, he shall submit to the Master, in addition to the liquidation account, a trading account containing the following data and no others, namely—
(a)a record of the value of the stock on hand at the date of sequestration;
(b)a record of the value of the stock on hand on the date up to which the account is made up;
(c)the daily totals of receipts and payments in connection with the business;
(d)the result of his conduct of the business.

94. Form of plan of distribution

A plan of distribution shall show in parallel columns under separate headings—
(a)every claim or the part of every claim against the estate in question which is secured or otherwise preferent;
(b)every claim or the part of every claim against the estate which is unsecured and otherwise non-preferent;
(c)the amount awarded under that plan and under any previous plan of distribution to every creditor of the estate;
(d)the deficiency in respect of each claim;
and shall make provision for the division of the proceeds of the property in the insolvent estate in the order of preference and in the manner set forth in sections ninety-five to one hundred and four inclusive.

95. Application of proceeds of securities

(1)The proceeds of any property which was subject to a special mortgage, landlord’s legal hypothec, pledge or right of retention, after deduction therefrom of the costs mentioned in sub-section (1) of section eighty-nine, shall be applied in satisfying the claims secured by the said property, in their order of preference, with interest thereon calculated in manner provided in sub-section (2) of section one hundred and three from the date of sequestration to the date of payment, but subject to the provisions of sub-section (4) of section ninety-six.
(2)If a creditor whose claim is secured by a mortgage over immovable property belonging to the insolvent estate has not proved his claim and the trustee is not satisfied that the debt in question has been discharged or abandoned, he shall deposit with the Master for payment into the Guardian's Fund the proceeds of the sale of any such property to an amount not exceeding such capital amount of the said mortgage and such arrears of interest as the mortgagee would have had a preferent right to claim, after deduction of an amount equal to the costs which he would have had to pay if he had proved his claim and had stated in the affidavit submitted in support of his claim that he relied for the satisfaction of his claim solely on the proceeds of the sale of the said property. The amount so deposited or the part thereof to which the former mortgagee may be entitled shall be paid to him if, within a period of one year after confirmation in terms of section one hundred and twelve of the distribution account under which the money is distributed, he applies therefor to the Master and the Master is satisfied after proof of his claim, that he is entitled to the amount or part thereof.
(3)Any amount deposited with the Master in terms of sub-section (2) which has not been paid out to the former mortgagee, as in that sub-section provided, shall after the expiry of the year mentioned in that sub-section be distributed among the creditors who have proved claims against the insolvent estate prior to the confirmation of the said distribution account, as if the amount had, at the time of such confirmation, been available for distribution among them.
(4)Any creditor claiming to be entitled to share in the said distribution shall make written application to the Master for payment of his share, and the Master may pay out to such creditor or may hand the money to the trustee, if any, for distribution among the creditors entitled thereto, or, if there is no trustee, may appoint a trustee on such conditions as he may think fit to impose for the purpose of making such distribution.
(5)Any trustee charged with the duty of making such a distribution shall submit to the Master a supplementary plan of distribution in respect thereof, and the provisions of this Act relating to a plan of distribution shall apply in respect of such supplementary plan.

96. Funeral and death-bed expenses

(1)Any free residue of an insolvent estate shall be applied in the first place in defraying the expenses of the funeral of the insolvent, if he died before the trustee’s first plan of distribution was submitted to the Master in terms of section ninety-one, and the expenses of the funeral of the insolvent’s wife or minor child, if those expenses were incurred within the period of three months immediately preceding the sequestration of the insolvent’s estate, but the amount payable under this sub section shall not exceed twenty-five pounds in all.
(2)Thereafter any balance of the free residue shall be applied in defraying the death-bed expenses of the insolvent if they were incurred before the trustee’s first plan of distribution was submitted to the Master in terms of section ninety-one and the death-bed expenses of the debtor's wife or minor child, if those expenses were incurred within the period of three months immediately preceding the sequestration of the insolvent’s estate, but the amount payable under this sub-section shall not exceed twenty-five pounds in all.
(3)In sub-section (2) "death-bed expenses" means expenses incurred for medical attendance, nursing, medicines and medical necessaries, and claims for those expenses shall rank pari passu and abate in equal proportion, if necessary.
(4)If the free residue of the estate is insufficient to defray the expenses mentioned in sub-sections (1) and (2), the deficiency shall be defrayed out of the proceeds of any other assets of the estate in proportion to their value.

97. Cost of sequestration

(1)Thereafter any balance of the free residue shall be applied in defraying the costs of the sequestration of the estate in question with the exception of the costs mentioned in sub­section (1) of section eighty-nine.
(2)The costs of the sequestration shall rank according to the following order of priority—
(a)The sheriff’s charges incurred since the sequestration;
(b)fees payable to the Master in connection with the sequestration;
(c)the following costs which shall rank pari passu and abate in equal proportions if necessary, that is to say: the taxed costs of sequestration (as defined in sub­section (3)), the fee mentioned in sub-section (4) of section sixteen, the remuneration of the curator bonis and of the trustee and all other costs of administration and liquidation including such costs incurred by the trustee in giving security for his proper administration of the estate as the Master considers reasonable, in so far as they are not payable by a particular creditor in terms of sub-section (1) of section eighty-nine, any expenses incurred by the Master or by a presiding officer in terms of sub-section (2) of section one hundred and fifty-three and the salary or wages of any person who was engaged by the curator bonis or the trustee in connection with the administration of the insolvent estate.
(3)In paragraph (c) of subsection (2) the expression "taxed costs of sequestration" means the costs (as taxed by the regis­trar of the Court) incurred in connection with the petition of the debtor for acceptance of the surrender of his estate or of a creditor for the sequestration of the debtor’s estate, but it does not include the costs of opposition to such a petition, unless the Court directs that they shall be included.

98. Costs of execution

(1)Thereafter any balance of the free residue shall be applied in defraying—
(a)the taxed fees of the sheriff or messenger in connection with any execution upon any property of the in­solvent and in connection with any proceedings which resulted in that execution; and
(b)any other taxed costs in those proceedings not exceeding a sum of five pounds,
to a total amount not exceeding the proceeds of that property if that property was still under attachment or if the proceeds of the sale in execution of that property were still in the hands of the sheriff or messenger at the time of the sequestration of the insolvent’s estate.
(2)The attachment of any property in execution of any judgment shall, after the sequestration of the estate, of the judgment debtor, not have the effect of conferring upon the judgment creditor any other preference than the preference provided for in sub-section (1).

99. Compensation under the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1934

Thereafter any balance of the free residue shall be applied in defraying any compensation which the estate owes to a workman or to any dependent of a workman under the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1934 (Act No. 59 of 1934).

100. Salary or wages of former employees of insolvent

(1)Thereafter any balance of the free residue shall be applied in paying the salary or wages, for a period not exceeding two months prior to the date of sequestration of the estate, due to an employee who was engaged by the month by the insolvent and the salary or wages, for a period not exceeding two weeks prior to the date of sequestration of the estate, due to an employee who was engaged by the week by the insolvent: Provided that in either case no salary or wages shall be paid under this sub-section to any employee for service rendered by him more than three months before the sequestration of his employer’s estate; and provided further that not more than fifty pounds shall be paid out under this section to any one employee.
(2)If on the date of sequestration any leave is due to any such employee he shall also be entitled to salary or wages in respect of any period, not exceeding fourteen days, of leave due to him.
(3)An employee shall be entitled to salary or wages in terms of sub-section (1) or (2) even though he has not proved his claim therefor in terms of section forty-four; but the trustee may require such employee to submit an affidavit in support of his claim for such salary or wages.

101. Preference in regard to income tax

Thereafter any balance of the free residue shall be applied in paying any sum for which the insolvent may have become liable under the law relating to income tax and which was payable before the date of the sequestration of his estate.

102. Preferable under a general bond

Thereafter any balance of the free residue shall be applied in the payment of any claims proved against the estate in question which were secured by a general mortgage bond, in their order of preference, with interest thereon calculated in manner provided in sub-section (2) of section one hundred and three.

103. Non-preferent claims

(1)Any balance of the free residue after making provision for the expenditure mentioned in sections ninety-six to one hundred and two inclusive, shall be applied—
(a)in the payment of the unsecured or otherwise non-preferent claims proved against the estate in question in proportion to the amount of each such claim.
(b)if the unsecured or otherwise non-preferent claims have been paid in full, in the payment, thereafter, of interest on such claims from the data of sequestration to the date of payment, in proportion to the amount of each such claim.
(2)The interest mentioned in sub-section (1) shall be calcu­lated at the rate of six per cent, per annum, unless the amount of any claim bears a higher rate of interest by virtue of a lawful stipulation in writing, when the interest on that amount shall be calculated at the stipulated rate of interest.

104. Late proof of claims

(1)Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2) of section ninety-five and sub-section (3) of section one hundred, a creditor of an insolvent estate who has not proved a claim against that estate before the date upon which the trustee of that estate submitted to the Master a plan of distribution in that estate, shall not be entitled to share in the distribution of assets brought up for distribution in that plan: Provided that the Master may, at any time before the confirmation of the said plan permit any such creditor who has proved his claim after the said date to share in the distribution of the said assets, if the Master is satisfied that the creditor has a reasonable excuse for the delay in proving his claim.
(2)A creditor of an insolvent estate who proved a claim against that estate after the date upon which the trustee submitted to the Master a plan of distribution in that estate and who was not permitted to share in the distribution of assets under that plan, in terms of sub-section (1), shall be entitled to be awarded under any further plan of distribution submitted to the Master after the proof of his claim, the amount which would have been awarded to him under the previous plan of distribution, if he had proved his claim prior to the submission of that plan to the Master: Provided that the Master is satisfied that the creditor had a reasonable excuse for the delay in proving his claim; and provided further that any creditor who was aware that proceedings had been instituted under section twenty-six, twenty-nine, thirty-one and who delayed proving his claim until the Court had given judgment in those proceedings, shall not be entitled to share in the distribution of any money or the proceeds of any property recovered as a result of such proceedings.
(3)If any creditor has, under sub-section (1) of section thirty-two taken proceedings to set aside any disposition of or dealing with property under section twenty-six, twenty-nine, thirty or thirty-one or for the recovery of damages or a penalty under section thirty-one, no creditor who was not a party to the proceedings shall derive any benefit from any moneys or from the proceeds of any property recovered as a result of such proceedings before the claim and costs of every creditor who was a party to such proceedings have been paid in full.

105. Form of plan of contribution

A plan of contribution shall show in parallel columns—
(a)each claim in respect of which the claiming creditor is liable to contribute; and
(b)the amount which he is liable to contribute, and shall make provision for all such contributions in accordance with the provisions of section one hundred and six.

106. Contributions by creditors towards cost of sequestration when free residue insufficient

Where there is no free residue in an insolvent estate or when the free residue is insufficient to meet all the expenses, costs and charges mentioned in sections ninety-six and ninety-seven, all creditors who have proved claims against the estate shall be liable to make good any deficiency, the non-preferent creditors each in proportion to the amount of his claim and the secured creditors each in proportion to the amount for which he would have ranked upon the surplus of the free residue, if there had been any: Provided that—
(a)if all the creditors who have proved claims against the estate are secured creditors who would not have ranked upon the surplus of the free residue, if there had been any, such creditors shall be liable to make good the whole, of the deficiency, each in proportion to the amount of his claim;
(b)if a creditor has withdrawn his claim, he shall be liable to contribute in respect of any deficiency only so far as is provided in section fifty-one, and if a creditor has withdrawn his claim within five days after the date of any resolution of creditors he shall be deemed to have withdrawn the claim before anything was done in pursuance of that resolution;
(c)if all the creditors who would have ranked upon the surplus of the free residue, if there had been any, have withdrawn their claims and, after payment of their contribution in terms of paragraph (b) there is still a deficiency, the remaining creditors whose claims have been proved against the estate shall, notwithstanding the fact that they would not have ranked upon the surplus of the free residue, if there had been any, be liable to make good such deficiency, each in proportion to the amount of his claim.

107. Trustee's account to be signed and verified

A trustee shall sign every account which he submits to the Master and he shall verify by his affidavit (which shall be free from stamp duty) that the account is a full and true account of the administration of the estate in question up to the date of the account and that, so far as he is aware, all the assets of the estate have been disclosed in the account.

108. Inspection of trustee's accounts by creditors

(1)If an insolvent resided or carried on business, before the sequestration of his estate, in a district (other than the district of Wynberg, Simonstown or Bellville in the Province of the Cape of Good Hope) in which there is no Master’s office, the trustee of that estate shall transmit to the magistrate of that district a duplicate of every account which he submitted to the Master as hereinbefore provided.
(2)When a trustee has submitted an account to the Master, he shall give notice of that fact in the Gazette and shall state in that notice the place or places where and the period during which the account will lie open for inspection by the creditors of the estate in question. He shall also post or deliver a similar notice to every creditor who has proved a claim against the estate.
(3)Every such account and every duplicate thereof trans­mitted to a magistrate shall be open for the inspection by creditors of the estate in question at the office of the Master and of such magistrate during a period of fourteen days as from the date of publication of the said notice in the Gazette.
(4)A magistrate who has received its trustee’s account shall cause to be affixed in a public place in or about his office a notice that he has received the account and that it will lie open for inspection in his office during a period stated in that notice.
(5)After the expiration of the said period the magistrate shall endorse upon the account a certificate (which shall be free from stamp duty) that the account was open in his office for inspection as hereinbefore provided, and shall transmit the account to the Master.

109. Extension of time for submitting trustee's account

(1)If a trustee is unable to submit an account to the Master within the period prescribed therefor by section ninety-one, he may give notice in the Gazette of his intention to apply to the Master for an extension of that period.
(2)After the expiration of a period of fourteen days as from the publication of the said notice he may apply to the Master in writing for an extension of the first-mentioned period, and if he adduces reasons which are in the Master’s opinion sufficient to justify such an extension, the Master may grant him such an extension as the Master thinks reasonable in the circumstances of the case.
(3)If the Master refuses the application, the trustee may apply by motion to the Court (after having given the Master notice of his intention to make the application) for an order extending the said period and the Court may thereupon make such order as it thinks fit.

110. Compelling trustee to submit accounts

(1)If a trustee has funds in hand which, in the opinion of the Master, ought to be distributed among the creditors of the estate in question and the trustee has not submitted to the Master a plan for the distribution of those funds, the Master may direct him in writing to submit to him a plan for the distribution of those funds, although the period prescribed in section ninety-one may not have elapsed.
(2)If the trustee has failed to submit an account to the Master within the period and in the manner hereinbefore prescribed, the Master may direct the trustee in writing to submit his account.
(3)If, after the expiration of a period of fourteen days as from the receipt of a direction issued under sub-section (1) or (2) the trustee has failed to comply satisfactorily with that direction, the Master may apply by motion to the Court (after having given the trustee notice of his intention to make the application) for an order compelling the trustee to submit the account in question to the Master, and the Court may thereupon make such order as it thinks fit.

111. Objections to trustee's account

(1)The insolvent or any person interested in the estate may, at any time before the confirmation of the trustee’s account, in terms of section one hundred and twelve, lay before the Master in writing any objection, with the reasons therefor, to that account.
(2)If the Master is of the opinion that any such objection is well founded or if, apart from any objection, he is of the opinion that the account is in any respect incorrect or contains any improper charge and should be amended, he may direct the trustee to amend the account or may give such other directions in connection therewith as he may think fit: Provided that—
(a)any person aggrieved by any such direction of the Master or by the refusal of the Master to sustain an objection so lodged, may apply by motion to the Court within fourteen days as from the date of the Master's direction, or as from the date of intimation to the objector of the Master’s refusal to sustain his objection, after notice to the trustee, for an order to set aside the Master's decision and the Court may thereupon confirm the account or make such order as it thinks fit; and
(b)when any such direction affects the interests of a person who has not lodged an objection with the Master, the account so amended shall again lie open for inspection by the creditors in the manner and with the notice hereinbefore prescribed, unless the person affected as aforesaid consents in writing to the immediate confirmation of the account.

112. Confirmation of trustee’s accounts

When a trustee’s account has been open to inspec­tion by creditors as hereinbefore prescribed and—
(a)no objection has been lodged; or
(b)an objection has been lodged and the account has been amended in accordance with the direction of the Master and has again been open for inspection if necessary as in paragraph (b) of sub-section (2) of section one hundred and eleven prescribed and no application has been made to the Court in terms of paragraph (a) of the said sub-section (2) to set aside the Master’s decision; or
(c)on objection has been lodged but withdrawn or has not been sustained and the objector has not applied to the Court in terms of the said paragraph (a),
the Master shall confirm the account and his confirmation shall be final save as against a person who may have been permitted by the Court before any dividend has been paid under the account, to reopen it.

113. Distribution of estate and collection of contributions from creditors

(1)Immediately after the confirmation of a trustee’s account, the trustee shall give notice of the confirmation in the Gazette and shall state in that notice, according to the circumstances, that a dividend to creditors is in course of payment or that a contribution is in course of collection from the creditors and that every creditor liable to contribute is required to pay to the trustee the amount for which he is so liable.
(2)If any contribution, is payable, the trustee shall specify fully in that notice the address at which the payment of the contribution is to be made, and shall deliver or post a copy of the notice to every creditor liable to contribute.
(3)Immediately after the confirmation of a trustee's account the trustee shall in accordance therewith distribute the estate or collect from each creditor liable to contribute the amount for which he is liable.

114. Trustee to produce acquittances for dividends or to pay over unpaid dividends to Master

(1)The trustee shall without delay lodge with the Master the receipts for dividends paid to creditors and if there is a contribution account the vouchers necessary to complete the account.
(2)If any such dividend has at the expiration of a period of two months as from the confirmation of the account under which it is payable, not been paid out to the creditor entitled thereto, the trustee shall immediately pay in the dividend to the Master who shall deposit it in the Guardians' Fund for account of the creditor.
(3)If, at the expiration of the said period of two months, the trustee has failed to furnish the Master with a proper receipt for any dividend which has not been paid in to the Master as aforesaid, the trustee shall prima facie be pre­sumed to have retained such dividend and the Master may in that case apply to the Court by motion for an order compelling the trustee to produce proof that he paid the dividend in question to the creditor entitled thereto or to pay that dividend to the Master as aforesaid.

115. Application to Court for an order to pay dividend

If a trustee has delayed payment of any dividend, the creditor entitled thereto may apply to the Court by motion for an order compelling the trustee to pay him that dividend.

116. Surplus to be paid into Guardians' Fund until rehabilitation of insolvent

(1)If after the confirmation of a final plan of distribution there is any surplus in an insolvent estate which is not required for the payment of claims, costs, charges or interest, the trustee shall, immediately after the confirmation of that account, pay that surplus over to the Master, who shall deposit it in the Guardians’ Fund and after the rehabilitation of the insolvent shall pay it out to him at his request.
(2)If the trustee has failed so to pay over the said surplus the Master or the insolvent may apply to the Court by motion for an order to compel the trustee to comply with sub-section (1).

117. Enforcement of order of Court

(1)If a trustee has failed to comply with any order of the Court made under section one hundred and fourteen, one hundred and fifteen or one hundred and sixteen the Court may direct that any sum of money which that trustee was ordered to pay be recovered by attachment and sale of the goods of the trustee and may further commit him to prison for contempt of the Court.
(2)If the Court has ordered a trustee to pay out of his own means the costs of any proceedings instituted under any provision of this Act, and the person in whose favour the order was made is unable to recover those costs from the trustee, those costs shall be paid as part of the costs of the seques­tration out of any assets of the estate in question, which have not yet been distributed among the creditors.

118. Enforcing payment of contributions

(1)After the expiration of a period of thirty days as from the delivery or posting in a registered letter to any creditor of the notice mentioned in sub-section (2) of section one hundred and thirteen, the trustee may take out a writ of execution in the magistrate's court in which the creditor could be sued for the contribution in question against any such creditor who, being liable to contribute under the plan of contribution, has failed to pay the amount of his lability.
(2)Whenever a creditor liable to contribute under a plan of contribution is in the opinion of the Master and of the trustee unable to pay the contribution for which he is liable or whenever the trustee has incurred in connection with the recovery of any contribution any expenses which are in the opinion of the Master and of the trustee irrecoverable, the trustee shall as soon as practicable and in any event within such period as the Master may prescribe therefor, frame and submit to the Master a supplementary plan of contribution wherein he shall apportion the share of the creditor who is unable to pay or the expenses in question among the other creditors who are in the opinion of the Master and of the trustee able to pay.
(3)The provisions of sub-section (2) shall mutatis mutandis apply whenever a creditor liable to contribute under a first or further supplementary plan of distribution is, in the opinion of the Master and of the trustee, unable to pay the contribution for which he is liable, or whenever the trustee has incurred expenses in connection with the recovery of a contribution under a first or further supplementary plan of distribution which are, in the opinion of the Master and the trustee, irrecoverable by the trustee.
(4)A trustee may, in lieu of complying with the requirements of section one hundred and eight in connection with any supple­mentary plan of contribution, furnish a copy of that plan to every creditor liable to contribute thereunder and thereupon the provisions of sub-section (1) shall mutatis mutandis apply.

119. Composition

(1)At any time after the first meeting of the creditors of an insolvent estate, the insolvent may submit to the trustee of his estate a written offer of composition.
(2)If the trustee is of the opinion that the creditors will probably accept the offer of composition, he shall as soon as possible after receipt of the offer post in a registered letter or deliver to every creditor who has proved his claim, a copy of the offer with his report thereon.
(3)If the trustee is of the opinion that there is no likelihood that the creditors will accept the offer of composition, he shall inform the insolvent that the offer is unacceptable and that he does not propose to send a copy thereof to the creditors.
(4)The insolvent may thereupon appeal to the Master who, after having considered a report from the trustee, may, if ho considers, the offer of composition sufficient for submission to the creditors, direct the trustee to post or deliver a copy of the offer to every creditor who has proved his claim.
(5)Whenever the trustee posts or delivers to the creditors a copy of an offer of composition in terms of the preceding pro­visions of this section, he shall simultaneously convene and give notice to the creditors of a meeting for the purpose of considering the said offer and any other matter mentioned in the notice.
(6)The said meeting shall be convened for a date not earlier than fourteen days and not later than twenty-eight days after the date upon which the said notice is posted or delivered to any creditor.
(7)If the offer of composition has been accepted by creditors whose votes amount to not less than three-fourths in value and three-fourths in number (calculated in accordance with the provisions of section fifty-two) of the votes of all the creditors who proved claims against the estate, and payment under the composition has been made or security for such payment has been given as specified in the composition or in terms of sub-section (8), the insolvent shall be entitled to a certificate under the hand of the Master of the acceptance of the offer: Provided that no offer may be so accepted if it contains any condition whereby any creditor would obtain as against another creditor any benefit to which he would not have been entitled upon the distribution of the estate in the ordinary way; and provided further that any condition which makes the offer of composition or the fulfilment thereof or of any part thereof subject to the rehabilitation or to the consent of the creditors to the rehabilitation of the insolvent shall be of no effect, and provided also that if the composition provides for the giving of any security, the nature of that security shall be fully specified, and if it is to consist of a surety bond or guarantee, every surety shall he named.
(8)In sub-section (7) the word "creditor" includes a creditor who has not proved a claim against the insolvent estate in question.

120. Effect of composition

(1)An offer of composition which has been accepted as aforesaid shall be binding upon the insolvent and upon all the creditors of the insolvent estate in so far as their claims are not secured or otherwise preferent but the right of any preferent creditor shall not be prejudiced thereby, except, in so far as he has expressly and in writing waived his preference.
(2)If it be a condition of the composition that any property in the insolvent estate shall be restored to the insolvent, the acceptance of the composition shall divest the trustee of such property and re invest the insolvent therewith as from the date upon which such property is in pursuance of the composition to be restored to the insolvent, but subject to any condition provided for in the composition.
(3)A composition shall not affect the liability of a surety for the insolvent.

121. If insolvent partner enters into composition, trustee of partnership estate may take over his estate

(1)When the estate of a partnership and the estate of a partner in that partnership are simultaneously under sequestration, the acceptance of an offer of composition by the separate creditors of the partner shall not take effect until the expiration of a period of six weeks as from the date of a notice in writing of that acceptance given by the trustee of the partner’s separate estate to the trustee of the partnership estate, or if the trustee of the partner’s estate is also the trustee of the partnership estate, as from the date of the acceptance. The said notice shall be accompanied by a copy of the deed embodying the composition.
(2)At any time during the said period of six weeks the trustee of the partnership estate may take over the assets of the estate of the insolvent partner if he fulfils the obligations of the insolvent partner in terms of the composition except obligations to render any service or obligations which only the insolvent partner can fulfil: Provided that if the com­position provides for the giving of any specific security, the Master shall determine what other security the trustee of the partnership estate may give in lieu thereof.

122. Effect of composition on spouse of the insolvent

A composition shall not be binding on the separate creditors of the spouse of the insolvent concerned but upon the acceptance of the offer of composition the property or, if it has been realized, the proceeds of the property of that spouse shall be restored to her or him, without prejudice to the claims of the creditors of that spouse or to any right of preference of any of them at the time when the property was vested in the trustee: Provided that any movable property held as security by any such creditor when the property was vested in the trustee shall be restored to that creditor; and provided further that the proceeds of any security whatsoever which has been realized shall be paid to the person or persons entitled thereto, according to their rights.

123. Functions of trustee under composition

(1)Any moneys to be paid and anything to be done for the benefit of creditors in pursuance of a composition shall be paid and shall be done, as far as practicable, through the trustee: Provided that any creditor who has failed to prove his claim before the trustee has made a final distribution among those creditors who have proved their claims, shall be entitled to recover direct from the insolvent within six months as from the confirmation by the Master, of the account under which the distribution was made, any payments to which he may be entitled under the composition and the trustee shall have no duty in regard thereto and after the said distribution the creditor shall have no claim against the insolvent estate.
(2)When a composition has been entered into between an insolvent and the creditors of his estate, the trustee of that estate shall frame a liquidation account and plan of distri­bution of the assets which are or will become available for distribution among the creditors under the composition, and all the provisions of this Act which relate to a liquidation account and plan of distribution and to the distribution of assets among creditors shall apply in connection with the first-mentioned liquidation account end plan of distribution, and with the first-mentioned assets.

124. Application for rehabilitation

(1)An insolvent who has obtained from the Master the certificate mentioned in sub-section (7) of section one hundred and nineteen may apply to the Court for an order for his rehabilitation: Provided that he has not less than three weeks before making the application, given, by advertisement in the Gazette, notice of his intention to make the application and delivered or posted in a registered letter to the trustee of his estate a copy of that notice; and provided further that the said, certificate shows that payment has been made or the security prescribed by sub-section (7) or (8) of section one hundred and nineteen has been given for the payment of not less than seven shillings and sixpence for every pound of every claim proved or to be proved against the estate of the insolvent.
(2)An insolvent who is not entitled under sub-section (1) to apply to the Court for his rehabilitation and who has previously given to the Master and to the trustee of his estate in writing and by advertisement in the Gazette not less than six weeks’ notice of his intention to apply to the Court for his rehabilitation may so apply—
(a)after twelve months have elapsed from the confirmation by the Master, of the first trustee’s account in his estate, unless he falls within the provisions of paragraph (b) or (c); or
(b)after three years have elapsed from such confirmation if his estate has either under this Act or a prior law been sequestrated prior to the sequestration to which he desires to put an end and if he does not fail within the provisions of paragraph (c); or
(c)after five years have elapsed from the date of his conviction of any fraudulent act in relation to his existing or any previous insolvency or of any offence under section one hundred and thirty-two, one hundred and thirty-three or one hundred and thirty-four of this Act or under any corresponding provision of the Insolvency Act, 1916 (Act No. 32 of 1916):
Provided that no application for rehabilitation under this sub-section shall be granted before the expiration of a period of four years from the date of sequestration of the estate of the applicant, except upon the recommendation of the Master.
(3)After the expiration of a period of six months as from the sequestration of an estate, the insolvent concerned may apply to the Court for his rehabilitation—
(a)if he has, not less than six weeks before making the application, given to the Master and to the trustee, if any, of his estate notice in writing, and published in the Gazelle a notice of his intention to make the application; and
(b)if, at the time of making the application, no claim has been proved against his estate; and
(c)if he has not been convicted of an offence mentioned in paragraph (c) of sub-section (2); and
(d)if his estate was not sequestrated under any law prior to the sequestration which he desires to end.
(4)A trustee who has received a notice mentioned in sub-section (1), (2), or (3) shall report to the Master any facts which in his opinion would justify the Court, in refusing, postponing, or qualifying the insolvent’s rehabilitation.
(5)At any time after the confirmation by the Master, of a plan of distribution providing for the payment in full of all claims proved against an insolvent estate, with interest thereon from the date of sequestration, calculated in terms of sub-section (2) of section one hundred and three and of all the costs of sequestration, the insolvent concerned may apply to the Court for his rehabilitation: Provided that he has not less than three weeks before making the application given notice in writing to the Master and to the trustee of his estate of his intention to make the application.

125. Security to be furnished prior to application for rehabilitation

Not less than three weeks before applying to the Court for his rehabilitation an insolvent shall furnish to the registrar of the Court security, to the amount or value of twenty-five pounds, for the payment of the costs of any person who may oppose the rehabilitation and be awarded costs by the Court.

126. Facts to be averred on application for rehabilitation

In support of an application for his rehabilitation, an insolvent shall submit his affidavit that he has made a complete surrender of his estate and has not granted or promised any benefit whatever to any person or entered into any secret agreement with intent to induce his trustee or any creditor not to oppose the rehabilitation Such affidavit shall include a statement of his assets and liabilities and of his earnings at the date of the application. Information shall also be laid before the Court as to what dividend was paid to his creditors, what further assets in his estate are available for realization and the estimated value thereof, the total amount of all claims proved against his estate, and the total amount of his liabilities at the date of the sequestration of his estate. If application for rehabilitation is made pursuant to sub-section (1) of section one hundred and twenty-four the insolvent shall set out the particulars of the composition and shall state whether there are or are not creditors whoso claims against his estate have not been proved, and if there are such creditors, he shall state their names and addresses and particulars of their claims.

127. Opposition to or refusal by Court of rehabilitation

(1)Upon the day fixed for the hearing of an application for rehabilitation the Master shall report thereon to the Court, and the Master, the trustee or any creditor or other person interested in the estate of the applicant may appear in person or by counsel to oppose the grant of the application.
(2)Whether the application be opposed or not, the Court may refuse an application for rehabilitation or may postpone the hearing of the application or may rehabilitate the insolvent upon such conditions as it may think fit to impose and may order the applicant to pay the costs of any opposition to the application, if it is satisfied that the opposition was not vexatious.
(3)Among the conditions referred to in sub-section (2), the Court may require the insolvent to consent to judgment being entered against him for the payment of any unsatisfied balance of any debt which was or could have been proved against his estate, or of such lesser sum as the Court may determine, but in such case execution shall not be issued on the judgment except with leave of the Court and on proof that the insolvent has since the date of sequestration of his estate acquired property or income available for the payment of his debts; or apart from any such judgment the Court may impose any other condition with respect to any property, or income which may accrue to the insolvent in the future.
(4)In granting an application for rehabilitation made under sub-section (1) of section one hundred and twenty-four the Court may order that any obligation incurred by the applicant before the sequestration of his estate which, but for that order, would be discharged as a result of the applicant's rehabilitation, shall remain of full force and effect, notwithstanding the rehabilita­tion.
(5)The registrar of the Court shall forthwith give notice to the Master of every rehabilitation of an insolvent granted by the Court.

128. Partnership cannot be rehabilitated

A partnership whose estate has been sequestrated shall not be rehabilitated.

129. Effect of rehabilitation

(1)Subject to the provisions of sub-section (3) and subject to such conditions as the Court may have imposed in granting a rehabilitation, the rehabilitation of an insolvent shall have the effect—
(a)of putting an end to the sequestration;
(b)of discharging all debts of the insolvent, which were due, or the cause of which had arisen, before the sequestration, and which did not arise out of any fraud on his part;
(c)of relieving the insolvent of every disability resulting from the sequestration.
(2)A rehabilitation granted on an application made in circumstances described in sub-section (3) of section one hundred and twenty-four shall have the effect of reinvesting the insolvent with his estate.
(3)A rehabilitation shall not affect—
(a)the rights of the trustee or creditors under a composition;
(b)the powers or duties of the Master or the duties of the trustee in connection with a composition;
(c)the right of the trustee or creditors to any part of the insolvent’s estate which is vested in but has not yet been distributed by the trustee, but subject to the provisions of sub-section (2);
(d)the liability of a surety for the insolvent;
(e)the liability of any person to pay any penalty or suffer any punishment under any provision of this Act.

130. Illegal inducements to vote for composition or not to oppose rehabilitation

Any undertaking to grant any benefit to any person in order to induce him or any other person to accept an offer of composition or to agree to, or refrain from opposing the rehabilitation of an insolvent, or as a consideration for the acceptance of an offer of composition or for the agreement to or non-opposition of the rehabilitation of an insolvent (whether by the person for whom the benefit is intended or by any other person), shall be void and any person who has accepted any such benefit or who has stipulated for any such benefit, whether for himself or any other person shall be liable to pay by way of penalty for the benefit of the creditors of the insolvent estate in question—
(a)a sum equal to the amount of the claim (if any) which he originally proved against the estate; and
(b)the amount or value of any benefit given or promised; and
(c)in case of a composition, the amount paid or to be paid to him under the composition.

131. Recovery of penalty

The trustee may enforce and recover any penalty mentioned in section one hundred and thirty and if he fails to do so any creditor may do so in the name of the trustee, upon his indemnifying the trustee against all costs in connection with such action.

132. Concealing or destroying books or assets

An insolvent shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three years if at any time before or after the sequestration of his estate he does any of the following acts, unless it is proved that he had no intention to defraud; that is to say, if he—
(a)conceals, parts with, destroys, mutilates, falsifies or makes any false entry or erasure in any book or document relating to his business, property or affairs or permits any other person to commit any such act in regard to any each book or document; or
(b)conceals or permits the concealment of any assets which ought to be placed at the disposal of the trustee; or
(c)otherwise than in the ordinary course of business makes, or permits the making of a disposition of any property which he has obtained on credit and has not paid for; or
(d)otherwise than in the ordinary course of business destroys, damages, removes or makes a disposition of, or permits the destruction, damage, removal or the making of a disposition of, any assets in his estate if such destruction, damage, removal or disposition has prejudiced or is calculated to prejudice his creditors:
Provided that—
(i)whenever in any proceedings for a contravention of paragraph (a) any act described in that paragraph is proved to have been committed in regard to any book or other document relating to the business, property or affairs of the insolvent, he shall be deemed to have committed or permitted such act unless it is proved that he neither committed it nor could have prevented the commission;
(ii)in any proceedings for a contravention of paragraph (c) or paragraph (d) any disposition, destruction, damage or removal of assets proved to have been committed shall, unless the contrary is proved, be deemed to have been otherwise than in the ordinary course of business;
(iii)if it appears from any book or document relating to the business, property or affairs of the insolvent or if it is proved in any other manner whatsoever that there ought to be available to the trustee at least ten per cent, more assets of the estate than the assets actually available to him, such insolvent shall be deemed to have removed or made a disposition of assets of a value equal to the difference between the value of the assets which ought to be available, and the value of the assets actually so available, in contravention of paragraph (d), unless he fully and accurately accounts for or explains the deficiency and proves that the deficiency was not caused by his action and that he could not have prevented it.

133. Concealment of liabilities or pretext to existence of assets

An insolvent shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three years if, within two years immediately preceding the sequestration of his estate, when making any statement either verbally or in writing in regard to his business, property or affairs to any person who was then his creditor or to any person who became his creditor on the faith of such a statement, he concealed any liability, present or future, certain or contingent, which he may then have contracted, or failed to disclose the full extent of his liability or mentioned, as if it were an asset, any right or property which at the time was not an asset, or represented that he had more assets than he in fact had or made any false statement in regard to the amount, quality or value of his assets, or in any way concealed or disguised or attempted to conceal or disguise any loss which he had sustained, or gave any incorrect amount thereof, unless it is proved that he had good reason to believe that the said Statement was correct in every respect and that he was not concealing or failing to disclose or disguising any relevant fact.

134. Failure to keep proper records

(1)An insolvent shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for a period not exceeding one year if his occupation or transactions prior to the sequestration of his estate were such that he might reasonably be expected to keep a record of his transactions, and he failed to keep a proper record of his transactions in the English or the Dutch language and to preserve that record during a period of not less than three years.
(2)For the purposes of this section a proper record of transactions includes all such books, wherein is set forth clearly the nature of all such person’s transactions, as (regard being had to his occupation) he can reasonably be expected to have kept. A trader shall be deemed not to have kept a proper record of his transactions unless he kept a record which includes—
(a)detailed stock sheets (which shall disclose the cost price of every article on hand at the date of stock­taking which has been purchased by the trader for the purpose of his business) and balance sheets completed for each of his three financial or business years immediately preceding the sequestration of his estate, or if he commenced business less than three years before the sequestration, completed at the commencement of his business and thereafter for each financial or business year preceding the sequestration;
(b)books exhibiting for the period since the commence­ment of his business or since the commencement of his financial or business year next but one before the financial or business year in which his estate was sequestrated (whichever period is the less) the follow­ing particulars—
(i)all property purchased in the course of the business, duly supported by the original invoices;
(ii)all cash receipts and disbursements and the dates thereof;
(iii)a daily record of all property sold on credit, and such a continuous record of all transactions as a trader may be expected to keep in the ordinary course of his business;
(iv)the name of every person indebted to the trader and of every person to whom the trader is indebted and the address of every such person at the time when the indebtedness arose or at any time thereafter;
(c)a record of all cheques drawn during the period mentioned in paragraph (d) and the counterfoils of such cheques, showing clearly, in the case of each cheque and on each counterfoil, the name of the payee, the amount of the cheque, and the date of the cheque:
Provided that a trader who proves that his turnover for the two years immediately preceding the sequestration of his estate or since the commencement of the business (whichever period is the less), was at the rate of less than one thousand pounds per annum shall be deemed to have kept a proper record, if the court, or jury dealing with the matter in question, having regard to the nature and circumstances of the business, is satisfied that he has kept a sufficient record of his transactions and that the record complies with the requirements of sub-paragraph (iv) of paragraph (b).

135. Undue preferences, contracting debts without expectation of ability to pay, etc.

(1)An insolvent shall he guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment not exceeding one year, if, prior to the sequestration of his estate, he made a disposition of any part of his property with the intention of preferring one or more of his creditors above the others or any other if at the time when he made that disposition his liabilities exceeded the value of his assets: Provided that any such disposition which had the effect of preferring, or was calculated to prefer, one or more creditors above the others or any other shall, unless the con­trary is proved, be deemed to have been made with the intention of preferring such creditor or creditors above the others or any other. Provided, further, that if the insolvent’s estate was sequestrated within a period of six months as from the date of making such a disposition, his liabilities shall be deemed to have exceeded the value of his assets at that date, unless the contrary is proved.
(2)In sub-section (1) the expression "creditor" includes a surety for the insolvent as, well as a person who in law is in a position analogous to that of a surety.
(3)An insolvent shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years if, prior to the sequestration of his estate—
(a)he contracted any debt of fifteen pounds or more or debts to the aggregate of fifty pounds or more, without any reasonable expectation of being able to discharge such debt or debts; or
(b)at a time when his liabilities exceeded his assets or during the period of six months immediately preceding the sequestration of his estate, he diminished his assets by gambling, betting, hazardous speculations or expenditure, not reasonably necessary in connection with his business or vocation or for the maintenance of himself and his dependents:
Provided that in any proceedings for a contravention of paragraph (a) the insolvent shall, unless the contrary is proved, be deemed to have contracted the debt or debts without having had a reasonable expectation of discharging it or them, if the debt was or the debts were contracted—
(i)at a time when his liabilities exceeded his assets; or
(ii)within the period of six months immediately preceding the sequestration of his estate.

136. Failure to give information or to deliver assets, books, etc.

An insolvent shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three years—
(a)if at any time during the sequestration of his estate he, knowing or suspecting that any person has proved or intends to prove a false claim against his estate, fails to inform the Master and the trustee of his estate in writing of that knowledge or suspicion, within seven days as from the date upon which he acquired that knowledge or upon which his suspicion was aroused;
(b)if he fails within fourteen days as from the appointment of the trustee of his estate—
(i)to deliver to the trustee or as the trustee may in writing direct, any property of whatever nature belonging to the estate which may be in his possession or custody or under his control; or
(ii)to inform the trustee of the existence and where­abouts of any property belonging to the estate (other than property mentioned in sub-paragraph (1) which is not fully disclosed in the statement of his affairs mentioned in section four or sixteen or which is not already in the possession of the trustee; or
(iii)to deliver to the trustee or deputy sheriff, or as either of them may direct all books and docu­ments in his possession or custody or under his control, relating to his affairs; or
(iv)to inform the trustee of the existence or where­abouts of any such book or document not in his possession or custody or under his control, if it is not already in the possession of the trustee;
unless, in any such case, he proves that he had reasonable excuse for such failure;
(c)if, at any time after the sequestration of his estate, he fails to furnish at the request of the trustee complete and truthful information regarding any property which was at any time in his possession or custody or under his control, or regarding the time when or the manner or circumstances in which he disposed of such property or ceased to be in possession, custody or control thereof, unless he proves that he had a reasonable excuse for such failure.

137. Obtaining credit during insolvency, offering inducements, etc.

Any person shall he guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for a period not exceeding one year—
(a)if, during the sequestration of his estate, he obtains credit to an amount exceeding ten pounds without previously informing the person from whom he obtains credit that he is an insolvent, unless he proves that such person had knowledge of that fact; or
(b)it he grants, promises, or offers any consideration whatever in order to procure the acceptance by any creditor of an offer of composition or to prevent opposition to a rehabilitation or, during the seques­tration of any estate, to induce any person to refrain from investigating any matter relating to that estate or from disclosing any information in regard thereto; or
(c)if he contravenes or fails to comply with the provisions of section sixteen, or of sub-section (3), (4) or (12) of section twenty-three unless he proves that he had a reasonable excuse for such contravention or failure; or
(d)if he makes any false statement in the statement of his affairs mentioned in section four or sixteen, or in the statement mentioned in sub-section (4) of section twenty-three.

138. Failure to attend meetings of creditors or give certain information

An insolvent shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months—
(a)if he fails to comply with the requirements of sub-section (1) of section sixty-four; or
(b)if he fails, when thereto required in writing by the trustee of his estate, to give a true, clear and detailed explanation of his insolvency or fails to account correctly and in detail for the excess of his liabilities over his assets; or
(c)if, at a meeting of the creditors of his estate, when thereto required by the trustee or the officer presiding or any creditor or by the agent of any of them, he fails to account for or to disclose what has become of any property which was in his possession so recently that in the ordinary course he ought to be able to account therefor; or
(d)if he fails to comply with the requirements of sub­section (13) of section twenty-three.

139. Failure to appear or to give evidence or giving false evidence

(1)Any person shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding fifty pounds or to imprisonment without the option of a fine for a period not, exceeding six months if he is guilty of an act or omission for which he has been or might have been lawfully committed to prison in terms of sub-section (2) or (3) of section sixty-six.
(2)Any person shall be guilty of an offence and liable to the punishment provided by law for the crime of perjury, if, when being interrogated on oath under this Act, he wilfully makes, relative to the subject in connection wherewith he is interrogated, any statement whatever which he knows to be false or which he does not know or believe to be true.

140. Failure of insolvent or spouse to appear to give evidence

An insolvent or the spouse of an insolvent shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months if, when summoned to give evidence in any proceedings instituted by or against the trustee of the insolvent's estate he or she conceals himself or herself or quits the Union or without reasonable excuse fails to attend those proceedings or refuses to answer any question which may be lawfully put to him or her in the course of those proceedings.

141. Acceptance of consideration for certain illegal acts or omissions

Any person shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding fifty pounds or to imprisonment without the option of a fine for a period not exceeding six months if he accepts any benefit or the promise or offer of any benefit as a consideration for having refrained from or discontinued, or for his undertaking to refrain from or to discontinue any proceedings for the sequestration of an estate or for having agreed to, or not opposed, or for his undertaking to agree to or not to oppose a composition in an insolvent estate or the rehabilitation of an insolvent, or for having refrained or under­taken to refrain from investigating any matter relating to an insolvent or an insolvent estate or from disclosing any informa­tion in regard to an insolvent or an insolvent estate.

142. Removing or concealing property to defeat an attachment or failure to disclose property

(1)Any person shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three years if, either before or after the sequestration of an estate, he removes, conceals, disposes of, deals with or receives any asset belonging to that estate with intent to defeat an attachment by virtue of a sequestration order, or with intent to prejudice the creditors in that estate: Provided that in any proceedings for an offence under this sub-section, any such removal, concealment, disposal of, dealing with or receipt of assets which had the effect of defeating or was calculated to defeat such attachment or which prejudiced or was calculated to prejudice the creditors of that estate, shall, unless the contrary is proved, be deemed to have been committed with intent to defeat the attachment or (as the case may be) to prejudice those creditors.
(2)Any person who has in his possession or custody or under his control any property belonging to an insolvent estate and who knows of the sequestration of the estate and that the property belongs to it, shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding three hundred pounds or to imprisonment without the option of a fine for a period not exceeding one year if he fails to inform the trustee of the estate as soon as possible of the existence and whereabouts of the property and (subject to the provisions of section eighty-three) to deliver it to, or place it at the disposal of the trustee.
(3)The provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) shall not apply to an insolvent in respect of any property belonging to his own insolvent estate.
(4)A secured creditor of an insolvent estate who has realized his security in terms of section eighty-three and who has failed after written demand to pay over the proceeds of the realization in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (10) of that section, shall, apart from any other offence which he may have committed in connection with those proceeds, be guilty of an offence and liable to the penalties mentioned in sub­section (2).

143. Criminal liability of partners, administrators, servants or agents

(1)A person who—
(a)is or was a member of a partnership and who does or omits to do in relation to any property or to the affairs of that partnership or of the insolvent estate of that partnership; or
(b)is or was charged with the administration of an estate and who does or omits to do in relation to any property or to the affairs of that estate; or
(c)as a servant or agent has or had the sole or practical control of any property or of the affairs of his employer or principal and who does or omits to do in relation to that property or to the affairs of his employer or principal or of the insolvent estate of his former employer or principal,
any act which, if done or omitted by him in the like circum­stances in relation to his own property or affairs or to any pro­perty belonging to, or the affairs of his insolvent estate, would have constituted an offence under this Act, shall be deemed to have committed that offence.
(2)The liability under sub-section (1) of a partner, servant or agent shall not affect the liability under that sub-section or under any other provision of this Act, of another partner or of a servant or agent of the same partnership, or of the employer or principal of the employee or agent who is so liable.

144. Criminal liability of trustee for neglect of certain duties

If it was the duty of a trustee to submit an account to the Master or to pay a sum of money to the Master or to a creditor, and he failed to submit that account or to pay that sum of money within a period of two months as from the time when that duty arose, he shall (apart from any other offence which he may have committed in connection with such sum of money) be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding fifty pounds.

145. Obstructing trustee

Any person who obstructs or hinders a curator bonis appointed under this Act or a trustee or a representative of either in the performance of his functions as such shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding fifty pounds, or to imprisonment without the option of a fine for a period not exceeding six months.

146. Evidence of liability incurred by insolvent

Whenever in any criminal proceedings under this Act any liability incurred by an insolvent or the date or time when the liability was incurred, is in issue or relevant to the issue, proof that a claim in respect of that liability has been admitted against the estate of the insolvent in accordance with any provision of this Act shall be sufficient evidence of the existence of the liability and any such liability shall be deemed to have been incurred upon the date or at the time alleged in any document submitted in accordance with any provision of this Act in support of that claim: Provided that the accused or the prosecutor in those proceedings may prove that no such liability or that a lesser or a greater liability was incurred or that it was incurred on a date or at a time other than the date or time so alleged.

147. Offences committed by insolvent in different provinces may be tried at his place of business or residence

(1)Any court of law which has jurisdiction to try an insolvent in respect of an offence under this Act committed at place where the insolvent mainly carried on business or resided at the time of the commission of the offence, shall have jurisdiction to try the insolvent in respect of such an offence committed anywhere in the Union.
(2)In sub-section (1) "insolvent" includes a person who is liable under sub-section (1) of section one hundred and fortythree.

148. Deportation of certain persons for certain offences

If a person born elsewhere than in a part of South Africa which has been included in the Union, has been convicted under this Act or under the Insolvency Act, 1916, and in view of the circumstances of the offence the Minister of Justice deems him to be an undesirable inhabitant of the Union, the said Minister may, by warrant under his hand cause him to be removed from the Union and pending his removal, to be arrested and detained in custody.

149. Jurisdiction of the Court

(1)The Court shall have jurisdiction under this Act over every debtor and in regard to the estate of every debtor who—
(a)on the date on which a petition for the acceptance of the surrender or for the sequestration of his estate is lodged with the registrar of the Court, is domiciled or owns or is entitled to property situate within the jurisdiction of the Court; or
(b)at any time within twelve months immediately pre­ceding the lodging of the petition ordinarily resided or carried on business within the jurisdiction of the Court:
Provided that when it appears to the Court equitable or con­venient that the estate of a person not domiciled in the Union be sequestrated elsewhere, or that the estate of a person over whom it has jurisdiction be sequestrated by another Court within the Union, the Court may refuse or postpone the accept­ance of the surrender or the sequestration.
(2)The Court may rescind or vary any order made by it under the provisions of this Act.

150. Appeal

(1)Any person aggrieved by a final order of sequestration or by an order setting aside an order of provisional sequestration may appeal against such order.
(2)Such appeal shall be noted and prosecuted as if it were an appeal from a judgment or order in a civil suit given by the Court which made such final order or set aside such provisional order, and all rules applicable to such last mentioned appeal shall mutatis mutandis, but subject to the provisions of sub­section (3), apply to an appeal under this section.
(3)When an appeal has been noted (whether under this section or under any other law), against a final order of seques­tration, the provisions of this Act shall nevertheless apply as if no appeal had been noted: Provided that no property belonging to the sequestrated estate shall be realized without the written consent of the insolvent concerned.
(4)If an appeal against a final order of sequestration is allowed, the Court allowing such appeal may order the respon­dent to pay the costs of sequestrating arid administering the estate.

151. Review

Any person aggrieved by any decision, ruling, order, appointment or taxation of the Master or by a decision, ruling or order of an officer presiding at a meeting of creditors may bring it under review by the Court and to that end may apply to the Court by motion, after notice to the Master or to the presiding officer, as the case may be, and to any person whose interests are affected: Provided that if all or most of the creditors are affected, notice to the trustee shall be deemed to be notice to all such creditors; and provided further that the Court shall not re-open any duly confirmed trustee’s account otherwise than as is provided in section one hundred and twelve.

152. Master may direct trustee to deliver documents or property or call upon any person to furnish certain information

(1)The Master may at any time direct a trustee to deliver to him any Book or document relating or any property belonging to the insolvent estate of which he is trustee.
(2)If at any time after the sequestration of the estate of a debtor and before his rehabilitation, the Master is of the opinion that the insolvent or the trustee of that estate or any other person is able to give any information which the Master con­siders desirable to obtain, concerning the insolvent, or concern­ing his estate or the administration of the estate or concerning any claim or demand made against the estate, he may by notice in writing delivered to the insolvent or the trustee or such other person summon him to appear before the Master or before a magistrate or an officer holding the rank of chief or principal clerk mentioned in such notice, at the place and on the date and hour stated in such notice, and to furnish the Master or other officer before whom he is summoned to appear with all the information within his knowledge concerning the insolvent or concerning the insolvent’s estate or the administration of the estate.
(3)After having interrogated the person summoned as aforesaid the Master or other officer concerned may deliver to him a written notice to appear again before the Master or other officer at a place and upon a date and hour stated in such notice and to submit to the Master or such other officer any further information or any book or document specified in such notice.
(4)When any person summoned as aforesaid appears before the Master or other officer in question in compliance with a notice issued under sub-section (2) or (3) the Master or such other officer may administer the oath to him and the Master or such other officer and if person other than the trustee was summoned, also the trustee (or his agent) may interrogate the person summoned in regard to any matter relating to the insolvent or his estate or the administration of the estate.
(5)The provisions of sub-section (2) of section sixty-five shall mutatis mutandis apply in connection with the production of any book or document or with the interrogation of any person under the preceding provisions of this section.
(6)The provisions of section sixty-six shall mutatis mutandis apply in connection with a person summoned, and with his interrogation, under this section and the Master or other officer concerned shall, with reference to a person so sum­moned or with reference to such interrogation, have the powers and immunity conferred upon an officer mentioned in section sixty-six.
(7)The provisions of sub-section (7) of section sixty-five shall mutatis mutandis apply in connection with any person (other than a trustee) who has been summoned under this section for the purpose of furnishing any information: Provided that if there are no assets in the estate in question sufficient to pay the witness fees in question, those fees shall he paid by the State.

153. Fees of office and certain costs

(1)The Master shall recover in respect of the several matters mentioned in the Third Schedule to this Act the fees therein specified.
(2)Any expenses incurred by the Master or by an officer who is to preside or presides or has presided at a meeting of the creditors of an insolvent estate in the protection of the assets of an insolvent estate or in carrying out any provision of this Act shall, unless the Court otherwise orders, be regarded as put of the costs of the sequestration of that estate.

154. Custody of documents. Admissibility of copies or certificates

(1)The Master shall have the custody of all docu­ments relating to insolvent estates.
(2)If there is endorsed upon or attached to any document or record a certificate purporting to have been signed by a person describing himself as Master, wherein he describes the nature of the document or record and states that it relates to a specified insolvent or insolvent estate, that document or record shall on its mere production by any person prima facie be deemed to be what the certificate describes it to be.
(3)Any document or record upon which there is endorsed or to which there is attached a statement purporting to have been signed by a person describing himself as Master, wherein he certifies that the document or record is a true copy of or extract from a document or record relating to a specified insolvent or insolvent estate, and wherein he describes the nature of the original document or record, shall on its mere production by any person be as admissible in evidence in any court of law and be of the same force and effect as the original document or record would be if it bore or had attached to it the certificate mentioned in sub-section (2).
(4)A certificate, purporting to have been signed by a person describing himself as Master, stating that the estate of a person or partnership mentioned therein was sequestrated on a date therein specified, or that an insolvent named therein has or has not been rehabilitated, or that any person named therein has or has not complied with any particular requirement of this Act, shell upon its mere production by any person be received as prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated.

155. Destruction of documents

(1)After six months have elapsed as from the con­firmation by the Master of the final trustees’ account in any insolvent estate, the trustee may, with the consent in writing of the Master, destroy all books and documents in his possession relating to the estate.
(2)After five years have elapsed as from the rehabilitation of an insolvent the Master may destroy all records in his office relating to the estate of that insolvent.
(3)This section shall apply to all insolvent estates which have been finally liquidated or are in course of liquidation at the commencement of this Act.

156. Insurer obliged to pay third party's claim against insolvent

Whenever any person (hereinafter called the insurer) is obliged to indemnify another person (hereinafter called the insured) in respect of any liability incurred by the insured towards a third party, the latter shall, on the sequestration of the estate of the insured, be entitled to recover from the insurer the amount of the insured's liability towards the third party but not exceeding the maximum amount for which the insurer has bound himself to indemnify the insured.

157. Formal defects

(1)Nothing done under this Act shall be invalid by reason of a formal defect or irregularity, unless a substantial injustice has been thereby done, which in the opinion of the Court cannot be remedied by any order of the Court.
(2)No defect or irregularity in the election or appointment of a trustee shall vitiate anything done by him in good faith.

158. Regulations

The Governor-General may from time to time make regulations not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, prescribing—
(a)the procedure to be observed in any Master’s office in connection with insolvent estates;
(b)the form of, and manner of conducting proceedings under this Act;
(c)the manner in which fees payable under this Act shall be paid and brought to account.

159. Short title and date of commencement

This Act shall be called the Insolvency Act, 1936, and shall come into operation on the first day of July, 1936.

First schedule

Forms

Form A – Notice of Surrender of a Debtor’s Estate (Section 4(1))

Notice is hereby given that application will be made to the ______________ Division of the Supreme Court on ____________ the ____________ day of ________19 at ______________ o’clock in the forenoon or as soon thereafter as the matter can be heard, for the acceptance of the surrender of the estate of* ____________of ________ and that a statement of his affairs will lie for inspection at the office of the Master of the Supreme Court at‡ ____________ (and at the office of ________) for a period of fourteen days as from the ________ day of ____________ 19 ________________*Here insert the name in full of the debtor and his occupation and address, and if the debtor is a partnership, its style or firm and the name in full and address of every partner, other than a partner on commandite or a special partner us defined in the Cape Act No. 24 of 1861 or the Natal Law No. 1 of 1865.‡If the statement of the debtors affairs is to lie for inspection Only in a Master's office, delete the words in brackets.______________________Attorney for ________________________________ 19 ________________

Form B – Statement of Debtor's Affairs (Sections 4(3) and 16)

Balance Sheet of*____________*Here insert the name in full of the debtor.
LiabilitiesAssets
£ s. d.£ s. d.
Debts due as per Annexure IVImmovable property as per Annexure I
Movable property, furni­ture, stock-in-trade etc as per Annexure II.
Outstanding claims, etc, as per Annexure III.
Deficiency.
TotalTotal

Annexure I

Immovable property

 Description of propertySituation and extentMortgages thereonEstimated values
Property situate in the Union   £ s. d.
Property situate elsewhere    
   Total 

Annexure II

Any movable property whatsoever which is not included in Annexure III or Annexure V

 Description of propertyEstimated values
Property situate in the Union £ s. d.
Property situate elsewhere  
 Total 
Note---Any merchandise mentioned in the foregoing Statement shall be valued at its cost price or at its market value at the time of the making of the affidavit verifying this statement, whichever is the lower, and the statement shall be supported by detailed stock sheets relating to such merchandise.

Annexure III

Outstanding claims, bills, bonds and other securities

 Name and residential and postal address of the debtorParticulars of claimEstimated amount goodEstimated amount bad or doubtful
In the Union  £ s. d.£. s. d.
Elsewhere...    
  Total  

Annexure IV

List of creditors

Name and address of creditorNature and value of security for claimNature of claimAmount of claim
   £ s. d.
  Total 

Annexure V

Movable assets pledged, hypothecated, subject to a right of retention or tinder attachment in execution of a judgment

Description of assetEstimated value of assetNature of charge on assetAmount of debt to which charge relatesName of creditor in whose favour charge is
     

Annexure VI

Enumeration and description of every book in use by the debtor at time of notice of surrender or sequestation, or at the time when he ceased carrying on business

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Annexure VII

Detailed statement of causes of debtor's insolvency

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Annexure VIII

Personal information

State whether the debtor is married, widowed or divorced ________________If the debtor is or was married, state—(a)name or names of spouse or spouses __________________________; and(b)whether the debtor is or was married in or without community of property __________________________State the debtor’s race and nationality __________________________State the debtor’s place of birth __________________________Was the debtor’s estate or the estate of a partnership in which the debtor is or was a partner previously sequestrated or placed in bank­ruptcy, whether in the Union or elsewhere____________________________________________________If the preceding answer is in the affirmative, state—(a)whether debtor's own estate or his partnership’s estate was (i) sequestrated; or (ii) placed in bankruptcy ____________________________________________________(b)the place where and the date when that estate was sequestrated or placed in bankruptcy ____________________________________________________(c)whether the debtor has been rehabilitated or his estate released; if so when ____________________________________________________The foregoing balance sheet and statements shall be verified by an affidavit in the subjoined form, made by the debtor or by the person who on behalf of the debtor presented the petition tendering the surrender of the debtor’s estate, or who is the representative of the debtor or his estate.

Affidavit

I, __________________________ declare under oath* / solemnly and sincerely declare that to the best to the best of my knowledge and belief the statements contained in the foregoing balance sheet and the Annexures thereto are true and complete, and that every estimated amount therein contained is fairly and correctly estimated.*Delete inappropriate words.Signature of declarant__________________________ Sworn/ Solemnly declare ____________ * before me on the ______________________ Solemnly declared day of __________________________ at __________________________ Commissioner of Oaths.*Delete inappropriate words.

Form C – Affidavit for the proof of any claim other than a claim based on a promissory note or other bill of exchange (Section 44(4))

In the Insolvent Estate of __________________________Name in full of creditor __________________________Address in full __________________________Total amount of claim __________________________I __________________________ declare under oath/ solemnly and sincerely declare**Strike out inappropriate words according to the facts of the case.(1)That __________________________, whose estate has been sequestrated, was at the date of sequestration, and still is, indebted to __________________________ in the sum of __________________________ for __________________________.(2)That the said debt arose in the manner and at the time set forth in the account hereunto annexed.(3)That no other person besides the said __________________________ is liable (otherwise than as surety) for the said __________________________ debt on any part thereof.(4)That I have/ the said __________________________ has* not, nor any other person, to my/ his* behalf received any security for the said debt or any part thereof, save and except † __________________________.*Strike out inappropriate words according to the facts of the case.*Strike out inappropriate words according to the facts of the case.†Here insert nature, particulars and value of mortgage, pledge or Other security.Signature of declarant __________________________Sworn/ Solemnly declared * before me on the day of __________________________ at __________________________ Commissioner of Oaths.*Strike out inappropriate words according to the facts of the case.

Form D – Affidavit for the proof of a claim based on a promissory note or other bill of exchange (Section 44(4))

In the Insolvent Estate of ____________________Name in full of creditor ____________________Address in full ____________________Total amount of claim ____________________I ____________________ declare under oath/ solemnly and sincerely deciare**Strike out inappropriate words, according to the facts of the case.(1)That ____________________, whose estate has been sequestrated, was on the date of sequestration, and still is, indebted to ____________ in the sum of ____________________, by virtue of the following promissory note/ bill of exchange**Strike out inappropriate words, according to the facts of the case.
Date of note or billName of maker or drawerName of acceptorName of person to whom payableDate when payableName of endorserAmount
       
(2)That the said debt arose in the manner and at the time set forth in the account hereunto annexed.(3)That I have/ the said ____________________ has* not, nor has any other person to my knowledge on my/ his* behalf received any security for the said debt or any part thereof, save and except† ____________________.*Strike out inappropriate words, according to the facts of the case.*Strike out inappropriate words, according to the facts of the case.†Here insert nature, particulars and value of mortgage, pledge or Other security.(4)That besides the said ____________________ one _________ mentioned above, is liable to me/ the said ___________* as __________ of the said note/ bill*, as aforesaid.*Strike out inappropriate words, according to the facts of the case.*Strike out inappropriate words, according to the facts of the case.(5)That the said note/ bill,* is in all respects genuine and valid.*Strike out inappropriate words, according to the facts of the case.Signature of declarants ____________________.Sworn/ Solemnly declared* before me on the ____________________ day of ____________________ at ____________________.*Strike out inappropriate words, according to the facts of the case.____________________Commissioner of Oaths.

Second schedule

Tariff A

 £s.d.
Deputy-Sheriff's Fees (section 19 (5)).   
For the attachment of movable property on one set of promises, from 10s. 6d. to110
For the attachment of movable property on each further sat of premises beyond the first, 5s. to 106
For making of on inventory, per 100 word, or portion thereof 50
For every copy thereof, if necessary, per 100 words, or portion thereof 10
For assistance (if necessary) in making inventory:   
(a) if within 3 miles from the deputy-sheriff's office per day (inclusive) 106
(b) if beyond that distance per day (inclusive)110
For notice of attachment of movable property, if necessary 5 0 For each separate possession (as defined in the rules for the construction of this tariff) per day or portion thereof: a reasonable inclusive fee not exceeding 106
For removal and storage: the necessary costs thereof.   
For herding and tending of livestock: the necessary costs thereof) and in addition thereto, a commission of 1½ per cent, of the value of the livestock.   
Travelling allowance per mile or fraction thereof 10
If the deputy-sheriff is necessarily accompanied by an officer or assistant, additional travelling allowance may be charged at half the above rate.   
For any work necessarily done by or on behalf of the deputy sheriff in performing his duties under section nineteen of the Act, for which no provision is made in this tariff; an amount to be determined by the Master.   

Rules for the Construction of the Tariff and the Guidance of the Deputy-sheriff

(1)In the Tariff "possession" means the continuous' and necessary presence on the premises in question for the period in respect of which possession is charged of a person employed and paid by the deputy-sheriff for the sole purpose of retaining possession.
(2)When a charge is made for possession of any property, no charge shall be allowed for herding and tending of livestock if one and the same person could render both services.
(3)If there are more ways than one of doing any particular act the least expensive way shall be adopted unless there is some reasonable objection thereto.
(4)No travelling allowance shall be charged unless it was necessary for the deputy-sheriff to go beyond a distance of three miles from his office; but when any such allowance is payable, it shall be paid for the actual distance travelled in going from and returning to the office.
(5)No charge shall be made for the cost of any transport, railway fare, etc., in addition to a charge for travelling allowance.
(6)If more service than one can be performed on the same journey, the distance to the first place of service may be brought into account only once, and shall be apportioned equally to the respective services; and the distance from the first place of service to the next place of service shall similarly be apportioned equally to the remaining services, and so forth.
(7)The deputy-sheriff may not charge for an inventory for his own use.
(8)If the execution of a judgment has been stayed by publication of notice of surrender or by sequestration after an inventory has been made, for the purpose of the execution, no charge shall be made for a second inventory of the same goods The deputysheriffs fees for making the inventory shall be charged to the insolvent estate in question, according to the tariff, and not to the execution creditor, unless the estate is unable to pay those fees.
(9)The deputy-sheriff may pay rent, if necessary for premises required for the storage of goods attached, for a period of one month or such longer period as the Master shall authorize.
(10)Every question arising under or relative to the tariff shall be determined by the Master.

Tariff B – Remuneration of Trustee (Section 63)

Upon the proceeds of movable property (other than shares or similar securities) sold, or upon the amount col­lected under promissory notes or book debts, or as rent, interest, or other income5 per cent.
Upon the proceeds of immovable property, shares and similar securities Bold, life insurance policies end mortgage bonds recovered: Upon the first £5,002½ per cent.
Upon any amount in excess of the first £5,0001½ per cent.
Upon cash in the estate1 percent.
If the total remuneration of a trustee under this tariff is less than £40 in all, he shall be entitled, up to that amount, to remuneration at the rate of 5 per cent, on the value of all the assets of the estate, with a minimum of £5 5s. 
Remuneration of Curator Bonis and Provisiona Trustee,A reasonable remuneration to bo determined by the Master, not to exceed the rates of remuneration of a trustee under this tariff.

Third Schedule

Master's Fees of Office (section 153)

 £s.d.
For every certificate under the hand of the Master 50
For every report submitted by the Master, an amount in the discretion of the Master, but subject to taxation by the Court, and not less than 100
For inspection of documents in any one estate, excepting by or on behalf of a trustee 20
For binding documents in each estate according to the size of the estate, in the discretion of the Master from 7s. to1100
For taxing A trustee's remuneration or a bill of cents (but not a Deputy Sheriff's account) on every one pound or fraction of a pound of the amount taxed 10
Upon the assets in an insolvent estate available for distri­bution among Creditors;   
Upon the first £5,000: per cent, with a minimum of £1   
Upon any amount in excess of the first £5,000: | per cent.   
For extracts or copies of documents made or certified in the office of a Master:   
(a) If the document has been certified by the Master, in addition to the fee mentioned in the first item of this Schedule: For each one hundred words (or part thereof) exceeding the first one hundred words 10
(b) If the document bus not been certified by the Master: For the first hundred words 20
For Ouch hundred words (or part thereof) exceed­ing the first hundred words 10
On any amount, paid by the trustee Into the Guardians' Fund, for account of creditors: 6 per cent   
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History of this document

01 June 2023 amendment not yet applied
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01 September 1993 amendment not yet applied
07 May 1993 amendment not yet applied
09 October 1992 amendment not yet applied
07 August 1992 amendment not yet applied
30 May 1991 amendment not yet applied
28 March 1991 amendment not yet applied
28 July 1989 amendment not yet applied
24 June 1987 amendment not yet applied
03 October 1986 amendment not yet applied
01 October 1984 amendment not yet applied
18 July 1984 amendment not yet applied
26 August 1983 amendment not yet applied
25 June 1980 amendment not yet applied
28 June 1978 amendment not yet applied
Amended by Sales Tax Act, 1978
29 November 1974 amendment not yet applied
15 March 1974 amendment not yet applied
27 June 1973 amendment not yet applied
28 June 1972 amendment not yet applied
08 March 1972 amendment not yet applied
01 July 1965 amendment not yet applied
01 March 1963 amendment not yet applied
01 July 1961 amendment not yet applied
01 June 1960 amendment not yet applied
Amended by Finance Act, 1960
01 April 1960 amendment not yet applied
01 January 1960 amendment not yet applied
22 June 1956 amendment not yet applied
06 July 1955 amendment not yet applied
04 June 1952 amendment not yet applied
01 April 1944 amendment not yet applied
Amended by Insurance Act, 1943
01 July 1943 amendment not yet applied
19 April 1943 amendment not yet applied
01 May 1942 amendment not yet applied
01 July 1941 amendment not yet applied
20 May 1940 amendment not yet applied
30 September 1938 amendment not yet applied
Amended by Finance Act, 1938
01 July 1936
Commenced

Note: See section 159

24 June 1936 this version
17 June 1936
Assented to

Subsidiary legislation

Title Numbered title
Insolvency Act Regulations: Amendment Government Notice R951 of 1985
Insolvency Amendment Act, 1972 Act 6 of 1972
Insolvency Amendment Act, 1980 Act 78 of 1980
Insolvency Amendment Act, 1983 Act 101 of 1983
Insolvency Amendment Act, 1984 Act 84 of 1984
Insolvency Amendment Act, 1987 Act 27 of 1987
Insolvency Amendment Act, 1989 Act 89 of 1989

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  1589. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-03-02 number 4554
  1590. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-03-09 number 4558
  1591. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-03-16 number 4560
  1592. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-03-22 number 4564
  1593. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-03-30 number 4568
  1594. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-04-13 number 4578
  1595. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-04-20 number 4584
  1596. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-04-27 number 4590
  1597. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-05-04 number 4599
  1598. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-05-11 number 4605
  1599. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-05-18 number 4611
  1600. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-05-25 number 4614
  1601. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-06-08 number 4623
  1602. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-06-15 number 4628
  1603. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-06-22 number 4636
  1604. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-07-06 number 4648
  1605. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-07-13 number 4655
  1606. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-07-20 number 4659
  1607. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-07-27 number 4665
  1608. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-08-03 number 4671
  1609. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-08-10 number 4675
  1610. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-08-17 number 4678
  1611. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-08-24 number 4682
  1612. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-08-31 number 4685
  1613. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-09-07 number 4688
  1614. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-09-14 number 4691
  1615. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-09-28 number 4701
  1616. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-10-12 number 4705
  1617. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-10-19 number 4711
  1618. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-10-26 number 4716
  1619. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1951-11-30 number 4739
  1620. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-01-04 number 4761
  1621. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-01-11 number 4764
  1622. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-01-18 number 4767
  1623. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-01-25 number 4771
  1624. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-02-01 number 4776
  1625. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-02-04 number 4779
  1626. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-02-08 number 4782
  1627. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-02-14 number 4785
  1628. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-02-22 number 4789
  1629. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-02-29 number 4794
  1630. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-02-29 number 4795
  1631. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-03-14 number 4804
  1632. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-03-21 number 4809
  1633. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-03-28 number 4813
  1634. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-03-28 number 4814
  1635. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-04-03 number 4817
  1636. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-04-10 number 4822
  1637. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-04-18 number 4827
  1638. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-04-25 number 4830
  1639. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-05-02 number 4836
  1640. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-05-09 number 4841
  1641. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-05-16 number 4846
  1642. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-05-23 number 4849
  1643. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-05-30 number 4853
  1644. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-06-04 number 4856
  1645. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-06-06 number 4858
  1646. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-06-13 number 4860
  1647. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-06-20 number 4865
  1648. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-06-20 number 4866
  1649. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-06-27 number 4874
  1650. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-07-04 number 4880
  1651. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-08-01 number 4897
  1652. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-08-08 number 4902
  1653. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-08-15 number 4906
  1654. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-08-15 number 4907
  1655. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-08-22 number 4910
  1656. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-08-22 number 4912
  1657. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-08-29 number 4916
  1658. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-09-05 number 4919
  1659. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-09-12 number 4921
  1660. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-09-19 number 4924
  1661. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-09-26 number 4929
  1662. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-10-03 number 4934
  1663. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-10-09 number 4939
  1664. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-10-17 number 4943
  1665. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-10-24 number 4947
  1666. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-10-31 number 4951
  1667. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-11-07 number 4955
  1668. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-11-14 number 4960
  1669. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-11-21 number 4965
  1670. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-11-28 number 4969
  1671. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-12-05 number 4972
  1672. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-12-12 number 4976
  1673. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-12-19 number 4979
  1674. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1952-12-24 number 4982
  1675. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-01-02 number 4985
  1676. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-01-09 number 4988
  1677. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-01-16 number 4990
  1678. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-01-23 number 4994
  1679. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-01-30 number 4997
  1680. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-02-06 number 5001
  1681. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-02-13 number 5004
  1682. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-02-20 number 5006
  1683. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-02-27 number 5013
  1684. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-03-06 number 5019
  1685. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-03-13 number 5023
  1686. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-03-20 number 5032
  1687. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-03-27 number 5039
  1688. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-04-02 number 5046
  1689. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-04-10 number 5049
  1690. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-04-17 number 5053
  1691. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-04-24 number 5057
  1692. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-05-01 number 5062
  1693. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-05-08 number 5065
  1694. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-05-15 number 5067
  1695. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-05-22 number 5070
  1696. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-05-29 number 5073
  1697. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-06-05 number 5075
  1698. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-06-12 number 5077
  1699. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-06-19 number 5082
  1700. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-06-19 number 5086
  1701. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-07-03 number 5089
  1702. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-07-10 number 5093
  1703. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-07-17 number 5097
  1704. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-07-24 number 5100
  1705. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-07-31 number 5105
  1706. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-08-07 number 5110
  1707. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-08-14 number 5116
  1708. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-08-21 number 5122
  1709. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-08-28 number 5127
  1710. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-09-04 number 5131
  1711. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-09-11 number 5134
  1712. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-09-18 number 5138
  1713. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-09-25 number 5143
  1714. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-10-02 number 5155
  1715. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-10-09 number 5158
  1716. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-10-16 number 5164
  1717. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-10-23 number 5167
  1718. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1953-10-30 number 5171
  1719. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-02-05 number 5219
  1720. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-02-12 number 5222
  1721. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-02-19 number 5227
  1722. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-02-26 number 5229
  1723. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-03-05 number 5233
  1724. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-03-12 number 5239
  1725. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-03-19 number 5243
  1726. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-03-26 number 5247
  1727. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-04-02 number 5251
  1728. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-04-09 number 5255
  1729. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-04-15 number 5259
  1730. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-04-23 number 5264
  1731. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-04-30 number 5270
  1732. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-05-07 number 5274
  1733. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-05-14 number 5275
  1734. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-05-21 number 5280
  1735. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-05-28 number 5282
  1736. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-06-04 number 5285
  1737. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-06-11 number 5288
  1738. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-06-18 number 5294
  1739. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-06-25 number 5298
  1740. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-07-02 number 5303
  1741. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-07-09 number 5306
  1742. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-07-16 number 5311
  1743. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-07-23 number 5313
  1744. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-07-30 number 5317
  1745. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-08-06 number 5321
  1746. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-08-13 number 5325
  1747. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-08-20 number 5328
  1748. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-08-27 number 5332
  1749. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-09-03 number 5335
  1750. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-09-10 number 5338
  1751. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-09-17 number 5341
  1752. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-09-24 number 5345
  1753. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-10-01 number 5348
  1754. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-10-08 number 5351
  1755. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-10-15 number 5355
  1756. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-10-22 number 5359
  1757. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-10-29 number 5364
  1758. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-11-05 number 5367
  1759. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-11-12 number 5373
  1760. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-11-19 number 5376
  1761. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-11-22 number 5379
  1762. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-12-03 number 5385
  1763. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-12-10 number 5389
  1764. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-12-17 number 5391
  1765. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-12-24 number 5394
  1766. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1954-12-31 number 5397
  1767. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-01-07 number 5399
  1768. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-01-14 number 5401
  1769. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-01-21 number 5405
  1770. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-01-28 number 5408
  1771. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-02-04 number 5413
  1772. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-02-11 number 5417
  1773. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-02-18 number 5421
  1774. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-02-25 number 5424
  1775. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-03-04 number 5426
  1776. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-03-11 number 5429
  1777. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-03-18 number 5434
  1778. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-03-25 number 5437
  1779. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-05-13 number 5469
  1780. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-05-20 number 5476
  1781. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-05-20 number 5479
  1782. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-05-20 number 5480
  1783. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-06-10 number 5486
  1784. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-06-17 number 5490
  1785. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-06-24 number 5497
  1786. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-07-01 number 5504
  1787. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-07-06 number 5512
  1788. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-07-08 number 5513
  1789. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-07-15 number 5517
  1790. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-07-22 number 5519
  1791. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-07-29 number 5521
  1792. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-08-05 number 5524
  1793. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-08-12 number 5529
  1794. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-08-19 number 5533
  1795. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-08-26 number 5538
  1796. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-09-02 number 5542
  1797. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-09-09 number 5544
  1798. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-09-16 number 5547
  1799. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-09-23 number 5550
  1800. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-09-30 number 5553
  1801. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-10-07 number 5558
  1802. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-10-14 number 5562
  1803. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-10-21 number 5564
  1804. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-10-28 number 5568
  1805. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-11-04 number 5573
  1806. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-11-11 number 5576
  1807. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-11-18 number 5579
  1808. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-11-25 number 5583
  1809. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-12-02 number 5587
  1810. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-12-09 number 5592
  1811. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-12-15 number 5598
  1812. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-12-23 number 5600
  1813. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1955-12-30 number 5605
  1814. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-01-06 number 5609
  1815. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-01-13 number 5611
  1816. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-01-20 number 5615
  1817. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-01-27 number 5618
  1818. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-02-03 number 5622
  1819. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-02-10 number 5625
  1820. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-02-17 number 5630
  1821. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-02-24 number 5633
  1822. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-03-02 number 5638
  1823. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-03-09 number 5643
  1824. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-03-16 number 5648
  1825. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-03-23 number 5653
  1826. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-03-29 number 5657
  1827. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-04-05 number 5659
  1828. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-04-13 number 5662
  1829. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-04-20 number 5663
  1830. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-04-27 number 5665
  1831. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-04-27 number 5671
  1832. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-05-04 number 5672
  1833. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-05-11 number 5677
  1834. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-05-18 number 5680
  1835. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-05-25 number 5683
  1836. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-06-01 number 5687
  1837. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-06-08 number 5690
  1838. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-06-15 number 5697
  1839. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-06-22 number 5703
  1840. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-06-29 number 5706
  1841. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-06-29 number 5708
  1842. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-07-06 number 5712
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  1844. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-07-13 number 5718
  1845. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-07-20 number 5719
  1846. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-07-27 number 5722
  1847. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-08-03 number 5724
  1848. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-08-10 number 5727
  1849. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-08-17 number 5728
  1850. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-08-24 number 5731
  1851. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-08-31 number 5734
  1852. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-09-07 number 5737
  1853. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-09-21 number 5742
  1854. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-09-28 number 5747
  1855. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-10-05 number 5752
  1856. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-10-12 number 5755
  1857. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-10-19 number 5757
  1858. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-10-26 number 5760
  1859. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-11-02 number 5764
  1860. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-11-09 number 5767
  1861. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-11-16 number 5771
  1862. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-11-23 number 5774
  1863. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-11-30 number 5777
  1864. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-12-07 number 5780
  1865. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-12-14 number 5783
  1866. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-12-21 number 5789
  1867. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1956-12-28 number 5792
  1868. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-01-04 number 5797
  1869. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-01-11 number 5799
  1870. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-01-18 number 5800
  1871. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-01-25 number 5805
  1872. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-02-08 number 5814
  1873. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-02-15 number 5817
  1874. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-02-22 number 5823
  1875. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-03-01 number 5828
  1876. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-04-05 number 5848
  1877. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-04-12 number 5851
  1878. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-04-18 number 5854
  1879. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-04-26 number 5857
  1880. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-05-03 number 5859
  1881. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-05-10 number 5863
  1882. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-05-17 number 5870
  1883. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-05-24 number 5874
  1884. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-05-29 number 5879
  1885. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-06-07 number 5883
  1886. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-06-14 number 5885
  1887. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-06-21 number 5890
  1888. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-06-28 number 5894
  1889. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-06-28 number 5895
  1890. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-07-05 number 5900
  1891. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-07-12 number 5909
  1892. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-07-19 number 5912
  1893. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-07-26 number 5917
  1894. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-04-03 number 6199
  1895. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-04-10 number 6203
  1896. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-04-17 number 6205
  1897. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-04-24 number 6208
  1898. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-05-01 number 6212
  1899. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-05-08 number 6217
  1900. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-05-15 number 6221
  1901. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-05-22 number 6226
  1902. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-05-29 number 6228
  1903. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-06-05 number 6234
  1904. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-06-12 number 6235
  1905. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-06-19 number 6238
  1906. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-06-26 number 6243
  1907. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-07-03 number 6249
  1908. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-07-10 number 6257
  1909. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-07-17 number 6258
  1910. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-07-24 number 6263
  1911. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-07-31 number 6266
  1912. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-08-07 number 6268
  1913. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-08-14 number 6270
  1914. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-08-21 number 6271
  1915. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-08-28 number 6274
  1916. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-09-04 number 6276
  1917. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-09-11 number 6278
  1918. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-09-18 number 6280
  1919. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-09-25 number 6284
  1920. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-10-02 number 6288
  1921. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-10-09 number 6290
  1922. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-10-16 number 6295
  1923. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-10-23 number 6299
  1924. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-10-30 number 6302
  1925. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-11-06 number 6306
  1926. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-11-13 number 6311
  1927. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-11-20 number 6317
  1928. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-11-27 number 6320
  1929. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-12-04 number 6323
  1930. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-12-11 number 6327
  1931. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-12-18 number 6334
  1932. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-12-24 number 6337
  1933. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-12-31 number 6340
  1934. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-01-08 number 6343
  1935. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-01-15 number 6349
  1936. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-01-22 number 6354
  1937. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-01-29 number 6358
  1938. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-05-06 number 6433
  1939. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-05-13 number 6442
  1940. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-05-20 number 6446
  1941. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-05-27 number 6455
  1942. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-06-01 number 6462
  1943. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-06-10 number 6466
  1944. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-06-17 number 6469
  1945. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-06-24 number 6472
  1946. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-07-01 number 6478
  1947. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-07-08 number 6483
  1948. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-07-15 number 6487
  1949. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-07-22 number 6492
  1950. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-07-29 number 6497
  1951. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-09-02 number 6521
  1952. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-09-09 number 6526
  1953. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-09-16 number 6529
  1954. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-09-23 number 6531
  1955. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-09-30 number 6537
  1956. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-10-07 number 6542
  1957. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-10-14 number 6548
  1958. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-10-21 number 6551
  1959. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-10-28 number 6559
  1960. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-11-04 number 6563
  1961. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-11-11 number 6566
  1962. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-11-18 number 6571
  1963. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-11-25 number 6574
  1964. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-12-02 number 6583
  1965. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-12-09 number 6588
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  1967. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-12-23 number 6600
  1968. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1960-12-30 number 6602
  1969. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-01-06 number 6605
  1970. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-01-13 number 6608
  1971. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-01-20 number 6613
  1972. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-01-27 number 6616
  1973. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-02-03 number 6620
  1974. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-02-10 number 6626
  1975. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-02-17 number 6632
  1976. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-02-24 number 6638
  1977. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-03-03 number 6642
  1978. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-03-10 number 6647
  1979. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-03-10 number 6649
  1980. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-03-17 number 6650
  1981. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-03-24 number 6653
  1982. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-03-30 number 6658
  1983. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-04-07 number 6662
  1984. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-04-14 number 6664
  1985. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-04-21 number 6666
  1986. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-04-28 number 6674
  1987. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-05-05 number 6676
  1988. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-05-12 number 6681
  1989. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-05-12 number 6684
  1990. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-05-19 number 6686
  1991. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-05-26 number 6694
  1992. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-06-02 number 2
  1993. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-06-09 number 7
  1994. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-06-16 number 13
  1995. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-06-23 number 20
  1996. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-06-30 number 27
  1997. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-07-07 number 32
  1998. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-07-07 number 37
  1999. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-07-14 number 38
  2000. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-07-21 number 42
  2001. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-07-28 number 48
  2002. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-08-04 number 53
  2003. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-08-11 number 57
  2004. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-08-18 number 62
  2005. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-08-25 number 66
  2006. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-09-01 number 71
  2007. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-09-08 number 75
  2008. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-09-15 number 80
  2009. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-09-22 number 84
  2010. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-09-29 number 89
  2011. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-10-06 number 92
  2012. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-10-13 number 95
  2013. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-10-20 number 98
  2014. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-10-27 number 102
  2015. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-11-03 number 107
  2016. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-11-10 number 110
  2017. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-11-17 number 114
  2018. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-11-24 number 117
  2019. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-12-01 number 120
  2020. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-12-08 number 127
  2021. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-12-15 number 133
  2022. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-12-22 number 138
  2023. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-12-29 number 142
  2024. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-01-05 number 146
  2025. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-01-12 number 150
  2026. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-01-12 number 151
  2027. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-01-19 number 153
  2028. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-01-26 number 157
  2029. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-02-02 number 164
  2030. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-02-09 number 171
  2031. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-02-16 number 177
  2032. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-02-23 number 182
  2033. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-03-02 number 186
  2034. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-03-09 number 193
  2035. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-03-16 number 198
  2036. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-03-23 number 204
  2037. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-03-30 number 209
  2038. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-04-05 number 216
  2039. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-04-13 number 218
  2040. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-04-19 number 223
  2041. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-04-27 number 225
  2042. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-10-05 number 348
  2043. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-10-12 number 350
  2044. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-10-19 number 353
  2045. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-10-26 number 358
  2046. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-11-02 number 364
  2047. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-11-09 number 367
  2048. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-11-16 number 371
  2049. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-11-23 number 378
  2050. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-11-30 number 383
  2051. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-12-07 number 392
  2052. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-12-14 number 398
  2053. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1962-12-21 number 402
  2054. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-05-03 number 493
  2055. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-05-10 number 496
  2056. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-05-17 number 500
  2057. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-05-24 number 507
  2058. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-05-30 number 513
  2059. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-06-07 number 519
  2060. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-06-14 number 523
  2061. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-06-21 number 527
  2062. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-06-21 number 530
  2063. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-06-28 number 533
  2064. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-07-03 number 543
  2065. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-07-05 number 544
  2066. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-07-12 number 551
  2067. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-07-19 number 557
  2068. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-07-26 number 560
  2069. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-08-02 number 568
  2070. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-08-09 number 572
  2071. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-08-16 number 576
  2072. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-08-16 number 578
  2073. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-08-23 number 580
  2074. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-08-30 number 587
  2075. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-09-06 number 594
  2076. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-09-13 number 599
  2077. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-09-20 number 607
  2078. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-09-27 number 613
  2079. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-10-04 number 619
  2080. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-10-11 number 625
  2081. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-10-18 number 632
  2082. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-10-25 number 636
  2083. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-11-01 number 641
  2084. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-11-08 number 647
  2085. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-11-15 number 649
  2086. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-11-22 number 653
  2087. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-11-29 number 658
  2088. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-12-06 number 662
  2089. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-12-13 number 666
  2090. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-12-20 number 672
  2091. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1963-12-27 number 684
  2092. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-01-03 number 686
  2093. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-01-10 number 690
  2094. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-01-17 number 695
  2095. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-01-24 number 699
  2096. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-01-31 number 707
  2097. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-02-07 number 713
  2098. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-02-14 number 717
  2099. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-02-21 number 722
  2100. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-02-28 number 729
  2101. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-03-06 number 736
  2102. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-03-13 number 743
  2103. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-03-20 number 747
  2104. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-03-26 number 751
  2105. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-04-03 number 758
  2106. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-04-10 number 763
  2107. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-04-17 number 768
  2108. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-04-24 number 773
  2109. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-05-01 number 776
  2110. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-05-08 number 783
  2111. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-05-15 number 788
  2112. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-05-22 number 797
  2113. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-05-29 number 803
  2114. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-06-05 number 809
  2115. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-06-12 number 814
  2116. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-06-19 number 821
  2117. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-06-26 number 831
  2118. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-07-03 number 841
  2119. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-07-10 number 850
  2120. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-07-17 number 854
  2121. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-07-24 number 857
  2122. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-07-31 number 862
  2123. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-08-07 number 869
  2124. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-08-14 number 876
  2125. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-08-21 number 881
  2126. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-08-28 number 887
  2127. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-09-04 number 893
  2128. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-09-11 number 896
  2129. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-09-18 number 899
  2130. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-09-25 number 904
  2131. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-10-09 number 916
  2132. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-10-16 number 921
  2133. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-10-23 number 925
  2134. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-10-30 number 932
  2135. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-11-06 number 940
  2136. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-11-20 number 950
  2137. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-11-27 number 955
  2138. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-12-04 number 963
  2139. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-12-11 number 967
  2140. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-12-18 number 981
  2141. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-12-24 number 982
  2142. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-12-31 number 985
  2143. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-01-08 number 994
  2144. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-01-15 number 1000
  2145. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-01-22 number 1010
  2146. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-01-29 number 1013
  2147. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-02-05 number 1018
  2148. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-02-12 number 1024
  2149. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-02-19 number 1034
  2150. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-02-26 number 1042
  2151. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-03-05 number 1051
  2152. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-03-10 number 1054
  2153. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-03-12 number 1055
  2154. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-03-19 number 1061
  2155. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-03-26 number 1067
  2156. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-04-02 number 1075
  2157. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-04-09 number 1080
  2158. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-04-15 number 1085
  2159. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-04-21 number 1089
  2160. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-04-23 number 1090
  2161. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-04-30 number 1095
  2162. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-05-07 number 1103
  2163. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-05-14 number 1109
  2164. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-05-21 number 1115
  2165. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-05-28 number 1121
  2166. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-06-04 number 1128
  2167. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-06-04 number 1132
  2168. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-06-11 number 1137
  2169. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-06-18 number 1146
  2170. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-06-25 number 1155
  2171. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-07-07 number 1171
  2172. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-07-09 number 1175
  2173. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-07-16 number 1180
  2174. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-07-23 number 1185
  2175. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-07-30 number 1191
  2176. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-08-06 number 1197
  2177. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-08-13 number 1200
  2178. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-08-20 number 1203
  2179. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-08-27 number 1209
  2180. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-09-03 number 1214
  2181. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-09-10 number 1223
  2182. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-09-17 number 1227
  2183. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-09-24 number 1233
  2184. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-10-01 number 1240
  2185. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-10-08 number 1250
  2186. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-10-15 number 1256
  2187. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-10-22 number 1263
  2188. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-10-29 number 1268
  2189. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-11-05 number 1273
  2190. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-11-12 number 1277
  2191. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-11-19 number 1282
  2192. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-11-26 number 1287
  2193. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-12-03 number 1291
  2194. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-12-10 number 1297
  2195. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-12-17 number 1308
  2196. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-12-24 number 1318
  2197. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1965-12-31 number 1324
  2198. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-01-07 number 1330
  2199. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-01-14 number 1337
  2200. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-01-21 number 1347
  2201. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-01-28 number 1350
  2202. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-04-22 number 1426
  2203. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-04-29 number 1432
  2204. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-09-02 number 1528
  2205. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-09-09 number 1529
  2206. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-09-16 number 1534
  2207. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-09-23 number 1540
  2208. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-09-27 number 1546
  2209. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-09-30 number 1548
  2210. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-10-07 number 1555
  2211. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-10-14 number 1561
  2212. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-10-21 number 1569
  2213. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-10-26 number 1576
  2214. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-10-28 number 1578
  2215. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-11-04 number 1586
  2216. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-11-11 number 1590
  2217. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-11-18 number 1593
  2218. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-11-25 number 1597
  2219. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-12-02 number 1602
  2220. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-12-09 number 1608
  2221. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-12-15 number 1611
  2222. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-12-23 number 1617
  2223. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1966-12-30 number 1625
  2224. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-01-06 number 1628
  2225. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-01-13 number 1633
  2226. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-01-20 number 1638
  2227. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-01-27 number 1641
  2228. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-03-03 number 1672
  2229. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-03-10 number 1678
  2230. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-03-17 number 1684
  2231. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-03-23 number 1691
  2232. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-03-31 number 1700
  2233. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-05-05 number 1726
  2234. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-05-10 number 1732
  2235. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-05-19 number 1740
  2236. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-05-26 number 1747
  2237. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-06-02 number 1755
  2238. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-06-09 number 1760
  2239. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-06-16 number 1765
  2240. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-06-23 number 1772
  2241. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-06-30 number 1781
  2242. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-07-07 number 1785
  2243. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-07-14 number 1788
  2244. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-07-21 number 1793
  2245. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-07-28 number 1797
  2246. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-09-01 number 1830
  2247. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-09-08 number 1836
  2248. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-09-15 number 1846
  2249. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-09-22 number 1850
  2250. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-09-29 number 1857
  2251. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-02-02 number 1967
  2252. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-02-09 number 1975
  2253. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-02-23 number 1993
  2254. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-04-05 number 2033
  2255. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-04-11 number 2042
  2256. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-04-19 number 2047
  2257. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-04-26 number 2055
  2258. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-05-03 number 2062
  2259. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-05-10 number 2071
  2260. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-05-17 number 2076
  2261. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-05-24 number 2081
  2262. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-05-30 number 2085
  2263. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-06-07 number 2089
  2264. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-06-14 number 2094
  2265. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-06-21 number 2101
  2266. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-06-28 number 2108
  2267. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-07-05 number 2117
  2268. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-07-05 number 2119
  2269. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-07-12 number 2123
  2270. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-07-19 number 202
  2271. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-07-26 number 2133
  2272. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-08-02 number 2140
  2273. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-08-09 number 2141
  2274. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-08-16 number 2145
  2275. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-08-23 number 2149
  2276. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-08-30 number 2153
  2277. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-09-06 number 2156
  2278. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-09-13 number 2158
  2279. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-09-20 number 2161
  2280. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-09-27 number 2166
  2281. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-10-04 number 2178
  2282. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-10-11 number 2187
  2283. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-10-18 number 2192
  2284. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-10-25 number 2197
  2285. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-11-01 number 2207
  2286. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-11-08 number 2209
  2287. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-11-15 number 2213
  2288. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-11-22 number 2217
  2289. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-11-29 number 2221
  2290. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-01-03 number 2255
  2291. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-01-10 number 2260
  2292. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-01-17 number 2264
  2293. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-01-24 number 2269
  2294. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-01-31 number 2273
  2295. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-02-07 number 2275
  2296. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-02-14 number 2278
  2297. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-02-21 number 2280
  2298. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-02-28 number 2284
  2299. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-03-07 number 2288
  2300. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-03-14 number 2294
  2301. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-03-21 number 2308
  2302. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-03-28 number 2323
  2303. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-04-03 number 2347
  2304. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-04-11 number 2351
  2305. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-04-18 number 2355
  2306. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-04-25 number 2363
  2307. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1970-01-09 number 2602
  2308. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1970-01-23 number 2611
  2309. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1970-01-30 number 2614
  2310. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1970-07-03 number 2747
  2311. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1970-07-10 number 2750
  2312. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1970-07-17 number 2754
  2313. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1970-07-31 number 2761
  2314. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1971-05-14 number 3097
  2315. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1971-05-21 number 3109
  2316. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1971-05-28 number 3120
  2317. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1971-11-05 number 3303
  2318. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1971-11-12 number 3305
  2319. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1971-11-19 number 3309
  2320. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1971-11-26 number 3313
  2321. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1971-12-03 number 3319
  2322. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1971-12-10 number 3326
  2323. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1971-12-17 number 3333
  2324. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1971-12-24 number 3339
  2325. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1971-12-31 number 3351
  2326. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-01-07 number 3354
  2327. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-01-14 number 3359
  2328. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-01-21 number 3366
  2329. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-01-28 number 3370
  2330. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-02-04 number 3374
  2331. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-02-11 number 3378
  2332. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-02-18 number 3383
  2333. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-02-25 number 3389
  2334. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-03-03 number 3399
  2335. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-03-08 number 3407
  2336. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-03-10 number 3408
  2337. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-03-17 number 3417
  2338. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-03-24 number 3424
  2339. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-03-30 number 3433
  2340. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-04-07 number 3453
  2341. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-04-14 number 3466
  2342. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-04-21 number 3473
  2343. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-04-28 number 3476
  2344. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-05-05 number 3483
  2345. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-05-12 number 3494
  2346. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-05-19 number 3505
  2347. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-05-26 number 3521
  2348. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-06-02 number 3537
  2349. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-06-09 number 3544
  2350. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-06-16 number 3563
  2351. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-06-23 number 3584
  2352. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-06-30 number 3598
  2353. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-07-07 number 3601
  2354. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-07-14 number 3611
  2355. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-07-21 number 3617
  2356. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-07-28 number 3621
  2357. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-08-04 number 3624
  2358. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-08-11 number 3628
  2359. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-08-18 number 3632
  2360. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-08-25 number 3635
  2361. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-09-01 number 3640
  2362. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-09-08 number 3644
  2363. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-09-15 number 3650
  2364. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-09-22 number 3657
  2365. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-09-29 number 3662
  2366. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-10-06 number 3669
  2367. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-10-13 number 3676
  2368. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-10-20 number 3681
  2369. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-10-27 number 3685
  2370. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-11-03 number 3694
  2371. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-11-10 number 3701
  2372. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-11-17 number 3703
  2373. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-11-24 number 3712
  2374. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-12-01 number 3717
  2375. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-12-08 number 3725
  2376. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-12-15 number 3734
  2377. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-12-22 number 3741
  2378. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1972-12-29 number 3749
  2379. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-01-05 number 3754
  2380. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-01-12 number 3757
  2381. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-01-19 number 3764
  2382. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-01-26 number 3767
  2383. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-02-02 number 3775
  2384. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-02-09 number 3779
  2385. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-02-16 number 3782
  2386. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-02-23 number 3785
  2387. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-03-02 number 3792
  2388. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-03-09 number 3796
  2389. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-03-16 number 3806
  2390. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-03-23 number 3814
  2391. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-03-30 number 3825
  2392. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-04-05 number 3842
  2393. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-04-13 number 3854
  2394. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-04-19 number 3868
  2395. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-04-27 number 3874
  2396. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-05-04 number 3878
  2397. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-05-11 number 3882
  2398. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-05-18 number 3886
  2399. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-05-25 number 3897
  2400. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-05-30 number 3910
  2401. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-06-08 number 3918
  2402. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-06-15 number 3926
  2403. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-06-22 number 3937
  2404. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-06-29 number 3956
  2405. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-01-04 number 4135
  2406. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-01-11 number 4137
  2407. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-01-18 number 4140
  2408. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-01-25 number 4144
  2409. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-02-01 number 4152
  2410. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-02-08 number 4158
  2411. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-02-15 number 4163
  2412. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-02-22 number 4171
  2413. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-03-01 number 4178
  2414. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-03-08 number 4200
  2415. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-03-15 number 4226
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  2419. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-04-11 number 4248
  2420. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-04-19 number 4254
  2421. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-04-26 number 4267
  2422. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-05-03 number 4268
  2423. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-05-10 number 4272
  2424. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-05-17 number 4279
  2425. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-05-24 number 4282
  2426. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-05-30 number 4286
  2427. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-06-07 number 4292
  2428. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-06-14 number 4300
  2429. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-06-21 number 4307
  2430. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-06-28 number 4318
  2431. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-07-05 number 4324
  2432. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-07-12 number 4333
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  2434. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-07-26 number 4342
  2435. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-10-04 number 4416
  2436. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-10-11 number 4427
  2437. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-10-18 number 4446
  2438. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-10-25 number 4459
  2439. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-11-01 number 4477
  2440. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-11-08 number 4490
  2441. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-11-15 number 4494
  2442. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-11-22 number 4511
  2443. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-11-29 number 4515
  2444. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-12-06 number 4529
  2445. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-12-13 number 4537
  2446. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-12-20 number 4541
  2447. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-12-27 number 4548
  2448. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-03-07 number 4600
  2449. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-03-14 number 4613
  2450. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-03-21 number 4620
  2451. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-03-27 number 4637
  2452. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-05-02 number 4691
  2453. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-05-09 number 4704
  2454. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-05-16 number 4709
  2455. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-05-23 number 4713
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  2458. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-06-13 number 4740
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  2460. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-06-27 number 4767
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  2462. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-07-11 number 4782
  2463. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-07-18 number 4789
  2464. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-07-25 number 4801
  2465. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-08-01 number 4805
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  2467. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-08-15 number 4815
  2468. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-08-22 number 4823
  2469. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-08-29 number 4828
  2470. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-10-09 number 4867
  2471. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-10-17 number 4873
  2472. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-10-24 number 4877
  2473. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-10-31 number 4883
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  2476. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-11-21 number 4904
  2477. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-11-28 number 4910
  2478. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-12-05 number 4914
  2479. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-12-12 number 4921
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  2692. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1983-12-02 number 8985
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  2696. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1984-01-06 number 9023
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  2698. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1984-01-20 number 9034
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  2700. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1984-02-03 number 9049
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  2704. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1984-03-02 number 9096
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  2710. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1984-04-13 number 9174
  2711. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1984-04-18 number 9182
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  2717. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1984-10-12 number 9455
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  2720. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1986-03-21 number 10151
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  2722. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1986-05-02 number 10211
  2723. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1986-05-09 number 10225
  2724. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1986-05-16 number 10233
  2725. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1986-05-23 number 10238
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  2727. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1986-06-06 number 10261
  2728. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1986-06-13 number 10269
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  2738. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1986-09-26 number 106
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  2740. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1988-04-08 number 11240
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  2747. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1988-08-19 number 55
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  2749. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1989-02-03 number 11679
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  2752. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1989-02-24 number 11707
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  2786. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-01-04 number 12930
  2787. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-01-18 number 12967
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  2789. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-02-01 number 12996
  2790. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-02-08 number 13006
  2791. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-02-15 number 13017
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  2795. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-03-15 number 13062
  2796. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-03-22 number 13076
  2797. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-03-28 number 13095
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  2800. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-07-03 number 13345
  2801. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-07-05 number 13381
  2802. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-08-16 number 13458
  2803. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-11-08 number 13611
  2804. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-11-15 number 13621
  2805. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-12-20 number 13683
  2806. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-12-27 number 13694
  2807. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1992-01-03 number 13701
  2808. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1992-01-10 number 13716
  2809. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1992-02-07 number 13753
  2810. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1992-02-14 number 13766
  2811. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1992-02-21 number 13776
  2812. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1992-02-28 number 13784
  2813. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1992-03-06 number 13793
  2814. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1992-03-13 number 13810
  2815. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1992-03-20 number 13851
  2816. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1992-03-27 number 13875
  2817. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1992-04-03 number 13893
  2818. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1992-07-17 number 14156
  2819. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1992-10-09 number 14330
  2820. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1993-05-07 number 14786
  2821. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1993-05-07 number 14788
  2822. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1993-09-03 number 103
  2823. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1993-11-26 number 143
  2824. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1994-02-11 number 17
  2825. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1994-07-15 number 53
  2826. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1994-08-05 number 15893
  2827. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1994-10-07 number 16006
  2828. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1995-02-10 number 16259
  2829. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1995-02-17 number 16263
  2830. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1995-06-02 number 16440
  2831. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1995-06-02 number 16451
  2832. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1995-07-21 number 16556
  2833. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1995-07-21 number 16559
  2834. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1995-08-04 number 16586
  2835. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1996-01-05 number 16908
  2836. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1996-02-23 number 17002
  2837. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1996-03-22 number 17051
  2838. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1996-08-30 number 17386
  2839. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1996-10-04 number 17477
  2840. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1996-11-01 number 17531
  2841. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1996-11-20 number 17588
  2842. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1996-11-27 number 17613
  2843. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1997-01-24 number 17731
  2844. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1997-02-21 number 17798
  2845. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1997-04-11 number 17901
  2846. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1997-06-27 number 18092
  2847. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1997-07-18 number 18132
  2848. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1998-03-13 number 18729
  2849. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1998-04-30 number 18849
  2850. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1998-06-12 number 18958
  2851. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1998-06-26 number 18990
  2852. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1998-08-26 number 19182
  2853. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1998-09-23 number 19276
  2854. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1998-09-23 number 19277
  2855. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1998-09-28 number 19288
  2856. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1999-02-26 number 19773
  2857. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1999-04-16 number 19928
  2858. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1999-04-28 number 19973
  2859. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1999-08-06 number 20357
  2860. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1999-10-22 number 20545
  2861. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1999-10-29 number 20560
  2862. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1999-11-05 number 20585
  2863. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1999-11-29 number 20689
  2864. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2000-02-04 number 20862
  2865. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2000-02-10 number 20875
  2866. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2000-11-20 number 21776
  2867. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2001-05-10 number 22215
  2868. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2001-07-20 number 22485
  2869. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2001-11-02 number 22787
  2870. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2001-12-07 number 22912
  2871. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2001-12-12 number 22923
  2872. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-01-28 number 23064
  2873. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-03-15 number 23233
  2874. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-06-10 number 23506
  2875. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-06-28 number 23533
  2876. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-08-30 number 23787
  2877. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-09-13 number 23829
  2878. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-11-15 number 24079
  2879. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-12-05 number 24149
  2880. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-12-06 number 24130
  2881. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-01-03 number 24224
  2882. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-01-22 number 24285
  2883. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-01-24 number 24262 part 1
  2884. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-01-24 number 24262 part 2
  2885. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-05 number 24331
  2886. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-07 number 24332
  2887. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-07 number 24332 part 3
  2888. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-10 number 24344 part 1
  2889. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-12 number 24347 part 1
  2890. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-14 number 24373
  2891. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-18 number 24415
  2892. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-18 number 24438
  2893. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-18 number 24446
  2894. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-18 number 24470
  2895. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-19 number 24484
  2896. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-19 number 24495
  2897. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-19 number 24499
  2898. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-19 number 24500
  2899. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-19 number 24502
  2900. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-20 number 24524
  2901. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-20 number 24528
  2902. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-24 number 24640
  2903. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-24 number 24641
  2904. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-24 number 24642
  2905. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-24 number 24643
  2906. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-24 number 24645
  2907. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-24 number 24646
  2908. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-24 number 24647
  2909. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-24 number 24648
  2910. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-24 number 24649
  2911. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-25 number 24650
  2912. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-26 number 24651
  2913. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-26 number 24654
  2914. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-27 number 24655
  2915. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-27 number 24656
  2916. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-28 number 24658
  2917. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-28 number 24660
  2918. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-28 number 24661
  2919. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-28 number 24662
  2920. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-28 number 24663
  2921. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-03 number 24665
  2922. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-03 number 24666
  2923. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-03 number 24667
  2924. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-03 number 24668
  2925. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-04 number 24669
  2926. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-04 number 24670
  2927. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-04 number 24671
  2928. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-04 number 24672
  2929. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-05 number 24673
  2930. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-05 number 24674
  2931. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-05 number 24675
  2932. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-05 number 24676
  2933. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-05 number 24677
  2934. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-04-22 number 24754
  2935. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-04-25 number 24789
  2936. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-06-06 number 24925
  2937. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-08-08 number 25292
  2938. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-08-22 number 25348
  2939. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-09-12 number 25439
  2940. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-10-03 number 25493
  2941. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-10-17 number 25577
  2942. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2004-03-31 number 26206
  2943. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2004-04-02 number 26182
  2944. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2004-08-18 number 26684
  2945. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2004-10-01 number 26835
  2946. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2005-01-24 number 27190
  2947. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2005-05-20 number 27544
  2948. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2005-08-26 number 27928
  2949. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2005-08-26 number 27931
  2950. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2005-09-23 number 28029
  2951. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2006-02-24 number 28506
  2952. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2007-09-07 number 30255
  2953. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2007-09-14 number 30277
  2954. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2007-11-15 number 30474
  2955. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2009-02-27 number 2042
  2956. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2011-01-21 number 33942
  2957. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2011-08-12 number 34510
  2958. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2011-12-30 number 34893
  2959. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2012-10-05 number 35758
  2960. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2013-05-29 number 36505
  2961. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2013-08-16 number 36754
  2962. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2014-01-16 number 37237
  2963. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2014-02-07 number 37287
  2964. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2014-05-13 number 37638
  2965. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2014-10-17 number 38088
  2966. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2014-12-09 number 38315
  2967. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2015-05-29 number 38822
  2968. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2015-05-29 number 38832
  2969. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2015-07-24 number 39019 part 1
  2970. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2015-08-14 number 39095
  2971. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2015-09-25 number 39232 part 1
  2972. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2015-12-17 number 39530
  2973. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2016-10-28 number 40375 part 1
  2974. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2017-08-22 number 41060 part 1
  2975. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2017-11-03 number 41224 part 1
  2976. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2017-11-24 number 41274
  2977. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2018-01-18 number 41388 part 1
  2978. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2018-03-29 number 41549
  2979. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2018-09-28 number 41947
  2980. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2018-10-05 number 41955 part 1
  2981. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2019-05-23 number 42482
  2982. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2019-08-30 number 42669 part 1
  2983. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2020-03-06 number 43073 part 1
  2984. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2020-04-03 number 43192 part 1
  2985. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2020-12-11 number 43981 part 1
  2986. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-02-05 number 44260
  2987. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-02-26 number 44285
  2988. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-03-19 number 44318
  2989. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-04-09 number 44439
  2990. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-04-16 number 44470
  2991. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-04-30 number 44586
  2992. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-05-07 number 44587
  2993. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-05-14 number 44625
  2994. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-05-14 number 44672
  2995. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-05-21 number 44639
  2996. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-06-04 number 44681
  2997. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-06-04 number 44710
  2998. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-06-11 number 44793
  2999. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-06-18 number 44770
  3000. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-07-02 number 44829
  3001. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-10-01 number 45250 part 1
  3002. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2022-01-28 number 45825
  3003. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2022-04-06 number 46205
  3004. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2022-05-13 number 46360
  3005. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2022-06-24 number 46602
  3006. Transvaal Provincial Gazette dated 1973-11-26 number 3663
  3007. Transvaal Provincial Gazette dated 1974-05-08 number 3691
  3008. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 1996-02-08 number 5019
  3009. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2002-03-08 number 5835
  3010. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2002-04-19 number 5859
  3011. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2003-01-24 number 5976
  3012. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2004-07-16 number 6149
  3013. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2006-01-20 number 6338
  3014. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2006-02-17 number 6343
  3015. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2006-03-03 number 6347
  3016. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2006-08-11 number 6375
  3017. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2008-04-11 number 6515
  3018. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2009-06-12 number 6636
  3019. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2009-11-09 number 6675
  3020. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2011-03-04 number 6857
  3021. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2011-09-23 number 6907
  3022. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2012-06-15 number 7005
  3023. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2012-12-24 number 7077
  3024. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2013-02-01 number 7085
  3025. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2014-01-31 number 7224
  3026. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2014-08-22 number 7300
  3027. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2014-10-03 number 7313
  3028. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2016-06-30 number 7644
  3029. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2016-09-02 number 7667
  3030. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2016-10-21 number 7691
  3031. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2017-06-15 number 7782
  3032. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2018-06-15 number 7944
  3033. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2018-06-29 number 7949
  3034. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2019-03-22 number 8067
  3035. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2019-06-28 number 8118
  3036. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2019-09-27 number 8153
  3037. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2020-06-26 number 8254
  3038. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2021-02-19 number 8389
  3039. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2021-07-23 number 8466
  3040. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2022-01-14 number 8532
  3041. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2022-03-04 number 8561
  3042. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2022-03-18 number 8570
  3043. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2022-06-03 number 8601
  3044. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2022-06-17 number 8615
  3045. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2022-06-24 number 8617
  3046. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2022-07-07 number 8627
  3047. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2022-09-30 number 8664
  3048. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2022-11-18 number 8684
  3049. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2022-12-02 number 8691
  3050. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2022-12-15 number 8697
  3051. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2023-04-28 number 8750
  3052. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2023-06-23 number 8780
Judgment 425
  1. Aboo v Firstrand Bank Ltd (319/2004) [2005] ZASCA 25 (29 March 2005)
  2. Absa Bank Limited v 93 Quartz Street Hillbrow CC (2022/5554) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1467 (6 December 2023)
  3. Absa Bank Limited v Cupido NO and Another (8898/2023) [2024] ZAWCHC 9 (31 January 2024)
  4. Absa Bank Ltd v Intensive Air (Pty) Ltd and Others (31/2010) [2010] ZASCA 171 (1 December 2010)
  5. Absa Bank Ltd v Lucent Properties 18 CC (13088 of 2017) [2022] ZAGPJHC 639 (14 September 2022)
  6. Absa Bank Ltd v Murray and Another (CA 338/2017) [2018] ZAECGHC 75 (28 August 2018)
  7. Afrisam (SA) (Pty) Ltd v Maleth Investment Fund (Pty) Ltd (651/2018) [2019] ZASCA 139 (1 October 2019)
  8. Afrisure CC and Another v Watson NO and Another (522/2007) [2008] ZASCA 89 (11 September 2008)
  9. Alert Steel (Pty) Ltd v Mercantile Bank Limited (165 of 2021) [2022] ZASCA 96 (21 June 2022)
  10. Allers and Others v Fourie No and Others (491/2005) [2006] ZASCA 152 (21 September 2006)
  11. Anglowealth Shariah (Pty) Ltd v Adam and Another (12814/20) [2022] ZAGPJHC 925 (3 June 2022)
  12. Anglowealth Shariah (Pty) Ltd v Adam and Another (12814/2020) [2022] ZAGPJHC 356 (3 June 2022)
  13. Aon South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Van den Heever NO and Others (615 of 2016) [2017] ZASCA 66 (30 May 2017)
  14. Association of Meat Importers and Exporters and Others v International Trade Administration Commission and Others (769/12; 770/12\771/12) [2013] ZASCA 108 (13 September 2013)
  15. Atlas Packaging v Atlas Paper Sacks (JA108/14) [2015] ZALAC 31 (21 October 2015)
  16. Attorneys Notaries and Conveyancers Fidelity Guarantee Fund v Tony Allem (Pty) Ltd and Another (274/1987) [1990] ZASCA 5 (2 March 1990)
  17. Avaris Group (PTY) Limited v Du Plessis NO (In her capacity as Joint Liquidator of Beth and Bev Packaging Products CC)and Another (A45004/2023) [2024] ZAGPJHC 15 (12 January 2024)
  18. Axal Properties 2 CC v Kotze (712/2012) [2013] ZASCA 110 (16 September 2013)
  19. BOE Bank Ltd v Bassage (445/2004) [2006] ZASCA 50 (31 March 2006)
  20. Bafana Finance Mabopane v Makwakwa and Another (475/2004) [2006] ZASCA 46 (30 March 2006)
  21. Bank of Lisbon and South Africa Ltd v Master of Supreme Court (Transvaal Provincial Division) (127/86) [1986] ZASCA 121 (30 September 1986)
  22. Barlows Tractor Company (Pty) Ltd v Townsend (727/1993) [1996] ZASCA 3 (23 February 1996)
  23. Beddy NO v Van der Westhuizen (323/1997) [1999] ZASCA 32 (24 May 1999)
  24. Beira v Raphaely Weiner and Others (130/97; 131/97; 164/97; 165/97; 642/96; 643/96) [1997] ZASCA 59 (30 May 1997)
  25. Bester N.N.O. and Others v Mirror Trading International (Pty) Ltd and Others (15426/2021) [2023] ZAWCHC 38 (26 April 2023)
  26. Bester NO and Another v Pieters (13994/2021) [2022] ZAWCHC 165 (11 May 2022)
  27. Bester and Others NNO v Gouws and Others (851/2019) [2020] ZASCA 174 (17 December 2020)
  28. Blacher v Josephson (A15/22) [2023] ZAWCHC 17 (14 February 2023)
  29. Blou v Lampert NO and Others (208/71) [1972] ZASCA 64 (21 September 1972)
  30. Body Corporate of Empire Gardens v Sithole and Another (240 of 2016) [2017] ZASCA 28 (27 March 2017)
  31. Body Corporate of Mionette v Lekganyane (34744/2022) [2023] ZAGPPHC 201 (29 March 2023)
  32. Body Corporate, Calswald Crest v Mbatha (94948/15) [2019] ZAGPPHC 482 (22 February 2019)
  33. Boland Bank Ltd v Master of Supreme Court and Another (66/1990) [1991] ZASCA 65 (27 May 1991)
  34. Borman en Andere v Potgieterstrusse Tabak Korporasie Bpk (248/74) [1976] ZASCA 50 (1 Junie 1976)
  35. Born Free Investments 364 (Pty) Limited v Firstrand Bank Limited (973/2012) [2013] ZASCA 166 (27 November 2013)
  36. Botha NO and Others v Taljaard and Others ; In re: Taljaard and Another v Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa and Others ; In re: Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa v Du Toit NO and Others ; In re: Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa v Du Toit NO and Others ; In re: Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa v Van der Merwe NO and Others (Application for Declarator or ito S.18 of Superior Courts Act 10 of 2013) (1094/2022; 2436/2021; 963/2021; 964/2021) [2022] ZANCHC 77 (13 December 2022)
  37. Botha v Botha (4457/2016) [2016] ZAFSHC 194 (17 November 2016)
  38. Bowman De Wet Du Plessis NNO and Others v Fidelity Bank Ltd (144/1995) [1996] ZASCA 141 (28 November 1996)
  39. Brenda NO v The Master of the High Court, Kimberley (20537/2014) [2015] ZASCA 166 (26 November 2015)
  40. Breytenbach NO and Another v Ellison and Another (84994/19) [2022] ZAGPPHC 946 (17 June 2022)
  41. Brian Kahn Inc v Nyezi and Another (28019/2020) [2023] ZAGPJHC 948 (4 August 2023)
  42. Brink v Kitshoff NO [1996] ZACC 9 (15 May 1996)
  43. Browne N.O. and Another v MEC Responsible for Transport, Community Safety and Liaison, KwaZulu-Natal (2383/23P) [2023] ZAKZPHC 146 (27 November 2023)
  44. Bruce and Another v Fleecytex Johannesburg CC and Others [1998] ZACC 3 (24 March 1998)
  45. Buchler v Minister of SAPS NO and Others (6310/2022) [2023] ZAFSHC 1 (5 January 2023)
  46. Burden N.O. v Matsepes (Bloemfontein) Inc and Others (3123/2022) [2023] ZAFSHC 117 (20 June 2023)
  47. Business Partners Ltd v Gabela and Another (8626/2022P) [2023] ZAKZPHC 20 (2 March 2023)
  48. Caesarstone Sdot-Yam Ltd v The World of Marble and Granite 2000 CC and Others (741/2012) [2013] ZASCA 129 (26 September 2013)
  49. Cape Produce Co (Port Elizabeth) (Pty) Ltd v Dal Maso NO and Another (120/2001) [2002] ZASCA 23 (27 March 2002)
  50. Cassim N.N.O. and Another v Coetzee N.N.O. and Others (018324/2022) [2022] ZAGPPHC 1008 (16 November 2022)
  51. Centaur Mining South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Cloete Murray NO and Others (1334/2022) [2024] ZASCA 34 (28 March 2024)
  52. Centaur Mining South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Cloete Murray NO and Others (37520 of 2021) [2022] ZAGPJHC 633 (12 September 2022)
  53. Centrality (Pty) Ltd v Lebakeng and Others (54065/2021) [2023] ZAGPJHC 861 (25 August 2023)
  54. Chemagic (Pty) Ltd v Van der Schyff (17353/20) [2021] ZAGPJHC 462 (13 December 2021)
  55. Chiliza v Govender and Another (1603/2012) [2013] ZAKZDHC 14 (29 April 2013)
  56. Chiliza v Govender and Another (20837/2014) [2016] ZASCA 47 (31 March 2016)
  57. City of Johannesburg v Even Grand 6 CC (9/2008) [2008] ZASCA 146 (27 November 2008)
  58. City of Johannesburg v Kaplan NO and Another (111/2005) [2006] ZASCA 39 (29 March 2006)
  59. City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality v Mitchell (38/2015) [2016] ZASCA 1 (29 January 2016)
  60. Cloete Murray N.O. and Other v Sarel Jacobus van der Walt (A56/2021) [2022] ZAFSHC 143 (30 November 2022)
  61. Cloete Murray N.O. and Another v Sarel Jacobus (A56/2021) [2022] ZAFSHC 158 (30 November 2022)
  62. Coetzee v Attorneys' Insurance Indemnity Fund (126/2001) [2002] ZASCA 94 (2 September 2002)
  63. Commissioner for Inland Revenue v Insolvent Estate JP Botha t/a Trio Culture (30/1989) [1990] ZASCA 2 (26 February 1990)
  64. Commissioner for South African Revenue Service v Hawker Air Services (Pty) Ltd; Commissioner for South African Revenue Service v Hawker Aviation Services Partnership and Others (379/2005) [2006] ZASCA 51 (31 March 2006)
  65. Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service v Big G Restaurants (Pty) Ltd (157 of 2018) [2018] ZASCA 179 (3 December 2018)
  66. Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service v Logikal Consulting (Pty) Ltd and Others (96768/16) [2018] ZAGPPHC 611 (29 March 2018)
  67. Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service v Pieters and Others (1026 of 2017) [2018] ZASCA 128 (27 September 2018)
  68. Commissioner of the South African Revenue Service v Stand Two Nine Naught Wynberg (Pty) Ltd and Others (324/2004) [2005] ZASCA 55 (31 May 2005)
  69. Commissioner, South African Revenue Service v Van der Merwe and Others (598 of 2015) [2016] ZASCA 138 (29 September 2016)
  70. Consolidated News Agencies v Mobile Telephone Networks (510/2008) [2009] ZASCA 130 (29 September 2009)
  71. Constantia Insurance Company Limited v Master of High Court, Johannesburg and Others (512/2021) [2022] ZASCA 179 (13 December 2022)
  72. Cooper NO and Others v South African Mutual Life Assurance Society and Others (528/1998) [2000] ZASCA 64 (22 November 2000)
  73. Cooper NO v First National Bank of SA Ltd (272/1998) [2000] ZASCA 188 (29 September 2000)
  74. Cooper and Another v Merchant Trade Finance Ltd (474/1997) [1999] ZASCA 97 (1 December 1999)
  75. Cornelissen NO v Universal Caravan Sales (Pty) Ltd (166/70) [1971] ZASCA 16 (30 March 1971)
  76. Court v Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd Court v Bester NO (133/93; 638/93) [1995] ZASCA 39 (30 March 1995)
  77. Cowan v Hathorn NO and Others (176/2013) [2013] ZASCA 159 (25 November 2013)
  78. Cowin NO and Others v Kyalami Estate Homeowners Association and Others (499/2013) [2014] ZASCA 221 (12 December 2014)
  79. Cronje NO and Others v Hillcrest Village (Pty) Ltd and Another (325/2008) [2009] ZASCA 81 (17 July 2009)
  80. Dabelstein and Others v Lane and Another (112/1999) [2000] ZASCA 71 (28 November 2000)
  81. David Trust and Others v Aegis Insurance Company Ltd and Another (645/1997) [2000] ZASCA 19 (31 March 2000)
  82. Davies v Van den Heever NO (16865/17) [2019] ZAGPJHC 59 (1 March 2019)
  83. De Klerk v Griekwaland Wes Korporatief Bpk [2014] ZACC 20 (19 June 2014)
  84. De Lange v Smuts NO and Others [1998] ZACC 6 (28 May 1998)
  85. De Leef Family Trust and Others v Commissioner for Inland Revenue (562/1991) [1993] ZASCA 46 (31 March 1993)
  86. De Magalhaes v Christensen NO and Another (13195/20) [2022] ZAGPJHC 1035 (27 July 2022)
  87. De Magalhaes v Christensen NO and Another (13195/2020) [2022] ZAGPJHC 35 (27 July 2022)
  88. De Villiers NO v Delta Cables (Pty) Ltd (56/1990) [1991] ZASCA 115 (23 September 1991)
  89. De Villiers and Others v Trustees for the Time Being of the GJN Trust and Others (756 of 2017) [2018] ZASCA 80 (31 May 2018)
  90. De Wet N.N.O. and Others v Walker N.N.O. and Others (16480/20) [2023] ZAGPPHC 830 (2 August 2023)
  91. De Wet and Another v Khammissa and Others (358/2020) [2021] ZASCA 70 (4 June 2021)
  92. Delta 200 Properties (Pty) Ltd v Dale and Others (LCC 31/2019) [2020] ZALCC 16 (12 August 2020)
  93. Dezzo Equipment (Pty) Ltd v Modikwa Platinum Mines Partnership and Others; Dezzo Equipment (Pty) Ltd v African Rainbow Minerals Mining Consortium Ltd; Dezzo Equipment (Pty) Ltd v Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd (55256/2021; 58382/2021; 58997/2021) [2023] ZAGPPHC 525 (1 May 2023)
  94. Diener NO v Minister of Justice and Others (926 of 2016) [2017] ZASCA 180 (1 December 2017)
  95. Dinath NO and Others v Mukhawana (85785/17) [2019] ZAGPPHC 450 (7 March 2019)
  96. Dippenaar N.O. and Others v OA Noordman N.O. and Others (2949/2022) [2022] ZAFSHC 95 (28 June 2022)
  97. Direro v Van Bruggen and Another (18882/2022) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1261 (10 November 2023)
  98. Du Plessis N.N.O. and Others v Majiedt N.N.O and Others; De Klerk N.N.O. and Another v Du Plessis N.N.O and Others (3059/2021) [2023] ZAFSHC 131 (8 August 2023)
  99. Du Plessis and Others v Pienaar NO and Others (514/2001) [2002] ZASCA 163 (26 September 2002)
  100. Duet and Magnum Financial Services CC (In Liquidation) v Koster (168/2009) [2010] ZASCA 34 (29 March 2010)
  101. Durandt v Fedsure General Insurance Ltd (421/2003) [2004] ZASCA 119 (30 November 2004)
  102. Eamonn Courtney v Izak Johannes Boshoff NO and Others (2019/41681) [2022] ZAGPJHC 1220 (20 December 2022)
  103. Eastern Metropolitan Substructure of the Greater Johannesburg Transitional Metropolitan Council v Venter NO (334/1998) [2000] ZASCA 50 (29 September 2000)
  104. Ebrahim and Another v Airports Cold Storage (Pty) Ltd (485/2007) [2008] ZASCA 113 (25 September 2008)
  105. Eksteen v Van der Merwe (2710/2018) [2018] ZAFSHC 131 (2 August 2018)
  106. Ellerine Brothers (Pty) Ltd v McCarthy Limited (245/2013) [2014] ZASCA 46 (1 April 2014)
  107. Emontic Investments (Pty) Ltd v Bothomley NO and Others (1123/2022) [2024] ZASCA 1 (9 January 2024)
  108. Engelbrecht NO and Another v K & L Builders (Pty) Limited ; In re: K & L Builders (Pty) Limited v Engelbrecht NO and Others ; Engelbrecht NO and Another v K & L Builders (Pty) Limited ; In re: K & L Builders (Pty) Limited v Engelbrecht NO and Others ; Engelbrecht NO and Others v Master of High Court, Pretoria and Others ; Engelbrecht NO and Others v K & L Builders (Pty) Limited (35192/2020; 7400/2020; 82618/2019; 82619/2019) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1223 (3 November 2023)
  109. Engen Petroleum Ltd v Sign (29582/19) [2021] ZAGPJHC 162 (12 November 2021)
  110. Engen Petroleum Ltd v Singh (29582/19) [2021] ZAGPJHC 144 (24 June 2021)
  111. Eurocoal (Pty) Ltd and Others v Hendricks NO and Others (70865/13) [2018] ZAGPPHC 538 (23 April 2018)
  112. Ex Parte: Arntzen (2333/2012) [2012] ZAKZPHC 66 (28 September 2012)
  113. Ex Parte: De Villiers and Another NNO ; In Re: Carbon Developments (Pty) Ltd (In Liquidation) (720/1991) [1992] ZASCA 220 (27 November 1992)
  114. Ex Parte: Mdyogolo (55/2015) [2018] ZAECGHC 121 (23 November 2018)
  115. Ex Parte: Money Global (Pty) Ltd t/a Aviation Sales International; In Re: Cassim NO and Another v Coetzee NO and Others (2022-018324) [2022] ZAGPPHC 547 (30 September 2022)
  116. Ex parte: Montshiwa (672/2021) [2023] ZASCA 19 (3 March 2023)
  117. Factaprops 1052 CC and Another v Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa t/a Land Bank (353 of 2016) [2017] ZASCA 45 (30 March 2017)
  118. Fairleigh NO v Whitehead and Another (541/1998) [2000] ZASCA 56 (29 September 2000)
  119. Fakuni v Sanlam Limited (11554/2017) [2024] ZAWCHC 7 (26 January 2024)
  120. Ferreira v Levin NO and Others ; Vryenhoek and Others v Powell NO and Others [1995] ZACC 13 (6 December 1995)
  121. Fey NO and Another v Serfontein and Another (244/1992) [1993] ZASCA 8 (26 February 1993)
  122. First National Bank of SA Ltd v Lynn NO and Others (405/1994) [1995] ZASCA 158 (30 November 1995)
  123. First Rand Bank Limited v Mafuna (42356/2020) [2023] ZAGPJHC 735 (25 July 2023)
  124. First Rand Bank Limited v Master of High Court (Pretoria) and Others (1120/2019) [2021] ZASCA 33 (7 April 2021)
  125. First Rand Bank Limited v Master of the High Court (Pretoria) and Others (53071/16) [2018] ZAGPPHC 535 (18 April 2018)
  126. First Rand Bank Limited v Master of the High Court (Pretoria) and Others (53071/16) [2018] ZAGPPHC 72 (18 April 2018)
  127. First Rand Bank Ltd v Body Corporate of Geovy Villa (671/2002) [2003] ZASCA 141 (28 November 2003)
  128. First Rand Bank Ltd v Coningsby and Another (6749/21; 6750/21) [2021] ZAGPJHC 175 (26 November 2021)
  129. First Rand Bank Ltd v Janse Van Rensburg (3846/2011; 3847/2011) [2012] ZAECPEHC 1 (17 January 2012)
  130. FirstRand Bank Ltd t/a First National Bank v Naidoo (3869/2010) [2010] ZAKZDHC 71 (7 December 2010)
  131. FirstRand Bank Ltd v KJ Foods CC (In business rescue) (734/2015) [2017] ZASCA 50 (26 April 2017)
  132. Firstrand Bank Limited v Basson N.N.O and Another (Basson Intervening and Others) (16052/2020) [2023] ZAGPJHC 126 (7 February 2023)
  133. Firstrand Bank Limited v Fourie (14892/15) [2018] ZAGPJHC 628 (16 November 2018)
  134. Firstrand Bank Limited v Kona and Another (20003/2014) [2015] ZASCA 11 (13 March 2015)
  135. Firstrand Bank Limited v Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa (436/2013) [2014] ZASCA 115 (18 September 2014)
  136. Firstrand Bank Limited v Pratt (19121/17) [2019] ZAGPPHC 392 (16 April 2019)
  137. Food and Allied Workers Union and Others v Scandia Delicatessen CC and Another (276/1999) [2001] ZASCA 52 (29 March 2001)
  138. Fourie NO And Another v Edkins (740/2012) [2013] ZASCA 117 (19 September 2013)
  139. Fourie NO and Others v Edeling NO and Others (522/2003) [2004] ZASCA 28 (1 April 2004)
  140. Fourie and Another v Minister of Home Affairs and Another [2003] ZACC 11 (31 July 2003)
  141. Francis George Hill Family Trust v South African Reserve Bank and Others (259/1990) [1992] ZASCA 50 (30 March 1992)
  142. Fraser v Absa Bank Limited [2006] ZACC 24 (15 December 2006)
  143. G N v J N (600 of 2015) [2016] ZASCA 162 (4 November 2016)
  144. Gainsford NO and Others v Tiffski Property Investments (Pty) Ltd and Others (874/2010) [2011] ZASCA 187 (30 September 2011)
  145. Galaxie Melodies (Pty) Ltd v Dally NO (37/75) [1975] ZASCA 64 (11 September 1975)
  146. Gazit Properties (Pty) Ltd v Botha NO and Others (873/2010) [2011] ZASCA 199 (23 November 2011)
  147. Gilbey Distillers & Vintners (Pty) Ltd and Others v Morris NO and Another (193/1989) [1990] ZASCA 134 (16 November 1990)
  148. Glen Anil Finance (Pty) Ltd v Joint Liquidators of Glen Anil Development Corporation Limited (In Liquidation) (54/79) [1980] ZASCA 103 (29 September 1980)
  149. Glenrand MIB Financial Services (Pty) Ltd and Others v van den Heever NO and Others (199/2012) [2012] ZASCA 195 (30 November 2012)
  150. Gobo Gcora Construction & Project and Others v Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality and Another ; Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality v Public Protector of Republic of South Africa and Others (1414/2016; 992/2016) [2019] ZAECPEHC 27 (16 April 2019)
  151. Gowar and Another v Gowar and Others (149/2015) [2016] ZASCA 101 (9 June 2016)
  152. Griekwaland Wes Korporatief Beperk v Standard Bank of South Africa Limited (396/2019) [2020] ZASCA 10 (19 March 2020)
  153. Griffin and Others v Master of the High Court and Others (446/2004) [2005] ZASCA 79 (19 September 2005)
  154. Griffiths v Janse van Rensburg NO (20269/2014) [2015] ZASCA 158 (26 October 2015)
  155. Gungudoo and Another v Hannover Reinsurance Group Africa (Pty) Ltd and Another (585/2011) [2012] ZASCA 83 (30 May 2012)
  156. HMI Healthcare Corporation (Pty) Limited v Medshield Medical Scheme and Others (1213 of 2016) [2017] ZASCA 160 (24 November 2017)
  157. Harksen v Lane NO and Others [1997] ZACC 12 (7 October 1997)
  158. Harlech-Jones v Harlech-Jones (188/2011) [2012] ZASCA 19 (22 March 2012)
  159. Harrison v Gonkgang and Another (447/2021) [2023] ZAGPPHC 679 (14 June 2023)
  160. Harry's Tyres (Pty) Ltd v Symes NO and Others (A QUO T801/2019) [2024] ZANWHC 25 (14 February 2024)
  161. Hoban v Absa Bank Ltd t/a United Bank and Others (275/1997) [1999] ZASCA 12 (19 March 1999)
  162. Horn and Others v LA Health Medical Scheme and Another [2015] ZACC 13 (14 May 2015)
  163. Hosking NO and Others v Coetzee NO and Others (499/2004) [2005] ZASCA 110 (25 November 2005)
  164. Hough v Sisilana and Others (1121 of 2017) [2018] ZASCA 4 (2 February 2018)
  165. Howard v Herrigel NO and Another (130/1989) [1991] ZASCA 7 (8 March 1991)
  166. Huysamen and Another v Absa Bank Limited and Others (660/2019) [2020] ZASCA 127 (12 October 2020)
  167. Hydro Colour Inks (Pty) Ltd v Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers’ Union (JA48/07; JA77/09) [2011] ZALAC 6 (18 April 2011)
  168. IQ Business (Pty) Ltd v Bull (19699/21) [2022] ZAGPJHC 465 (8 March 2022)
  169. Ilic v Parginos (21/84) [1984] ZASCA 164 (30 November 1984)
  170. Imobrite (Pty) Ltd v DTL Boerdery CC (1007 of 2020) [2022] ZASCA 67 (13 May 2022)
  171. Incorprated General Insurance Ltd v Cement Distributors (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd (185/1988) [1989] ZASCA 131 (29 September 1989)
  172. Incredible Sand (Pty) Ltd v Vos (2376/18) [2018] ZAGPPHC 171 (28 September 2018)
  173. Industrial Development Corporation of SA v Energy Fabrication (Pty) Ltd and Others (6855/20) [2021] ZAGPJHC 170 (16 November 2021)
  174. Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa Limited v Bokone Group of Companies (Pty) Ltd (2022-027186) [2023] ZAGPJHC 727 (24 July 2023)
  175. Intramed (Pty) Ltd (in liquidation) and Another v Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd and Others (629/2006) [2007] ZASCA 141 (20 November 2007)
  176. Investec Bank Ltd v Janse Van Rensburg (16798/2009; 19784/2009) [2010] ZAWCHC 209 (11 October 2010)
  177. Investec Bank Ltd v Knoop N.N.O. and Others (2011/11563) [2023] ZAGPJHC 201 (20 March 2023)
  178. Ithala Development Finance Corporation Ltd v Zulu (15713/2009) [2011] ZAKZDHC 26 (8 June 2011)
  179. Ithemba Sky Mark Security All Services (Pty) Ltd v Ithemba Sky Mark Security Services Cape Town CC and Others (21535/2022) [2023] ZAGPJHC 792 (20 June 2023)
  180. J R v T R and Another (21609/2021) [2022] ZAGPJHC 364 (13 June 2022)
  181. Jackson v Louw NO and Another (CA&R 149/2017) [2018] ZAECGHC 141 (13 December 2018)
  182. Janse Van Rensburg and Another v Griffiths (2101/2002) [2014] ZAECPEHC 20 (25 March 2014)
  183. Janse van Rensburg NO and Others v Botha (758/2010) [2011] ZASCA 72 (25 May 2011)
  184. Janse van Rensburg NO and Others v Steenkamp and Another, Janse van Rensburg NO and Others v Myburgh and Others (237/08; 467/08) [2008] ZASCA 154 (27 November 2008)
  185. Janse van Rensburg NO and Others v Steyn (66/2010) [2011] ZASCA 71 (25 May 2011)
  186. Joint Liquidators of Glen Anil Development Corp Ltd v Hill Samuel (SA) Ltd (400/79) [1981] ZASCA 136 (25 September 1981)
  187. Jordaan and Others v City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality and Others; City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality v New Ventures Consulting and Services (Pty) Ltd and Others; Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality v Livanos and Others [2017] ZACC 31 (29 August 2017)
  188. Joubert NO v Soleil Kommadagga (Pty) Ltd and Others (1817/2020) [2023] ZAECGHC 8 (26 January 2023)
  189. K B v H B (A 97/21) [2022] ZAGPPHC 709 (13 May 2022)
  190. K2013046547/07 (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd and Others v Hyde Construction CC and Another (513/2020) [2021] ZASCA 82 (17 June 2021)
  191. KGA Life Limited v Multisure Corporation (Pty) Ltd and Others (304/2022) [2023] ZASCA 122 (20 September 2023)
  192. Kalil v Decotex (Pty) Ltd and Another (158/1987) [1987] ZASCA 156 (3 December 1987)
  193. Kaufman v Standardbank Van Suid-Afrika Bpk (316/1993) [1994] ZASCA 107 (8 September 1994)
  194. Kelvin Park Properties CC v Paterson NO (558/1998) [2000] ZASCA 58 (29 September 2000)
  195. Kevin & Lasia Property Investments CC and Another v Roos NO and Others (480/2002) [2003] ZASCA 149 (1 December 2003)
  196. Keyter NO v Van Der Muelen NO and Another (2906/2013) [2014] ZAECGHC 28 (6 May 2014)
  197. Khan NO and Another v Maxprop Holdings (Pty) Ltd and Another (84 of 2018) [2018] ZASCA 171 (30 November 2018)
  198. Khele v Minister of Police (41848/2018) [2022] ZAGPJHC 346 (1 June 2022)
  199. Kilroe-Daley v Barclays National Bank Ltd (215/82) [1984] ZASCA 90 (4 September 1984)
  200. King Civil Constructor (Pty) Ltd v Enviroserv Waste Management (Pty) Ltd (45747/2021) [2022] ZAGPJHC 439 (13 July 2022)
  201. Kitshoff and Another v Van Heerden N.O. and Others (085962/2023) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1063 (14 September 2023)
  202. Klopper NO v Master of the High Court (21080/2008) [2010] ZAWCHC 22 (19 February 2010)
  203. Klopper NO v Master of the High Court (643/2007) [2008] ZASCA 155 (27 November 2008)
  204. Knipe v Cooper N.N.O. and Another; In Re: Knipe v Cooper N.N.O. and Others (2673/2022) [2023] ZAFSHC 140 (22 August 2023)
  205. Knoop NO and Others v Boardware (Pty) Ltd (AR 236/220) [2022] ZAKZPHC 7 (22 April 2022)
  206. Kommissaris van Binnelandse Inkomste en 'n Ander v Willers en Andere (322/1993) [1994] ZASCA 19 (22 Maart 1994)
  207. Kouwenhoven v DPP (Western Cape) and Others (288/2021) [2021] ZASCA 120 (22 September 2021)
  208. Kruger v Joint Trustees of Insolvent Estate Zulu and Another (1121 of 2015) [2016] ZASCA 163 (10 November 2016)
  209. Kullman v Moloney and Others (2023/008569) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1321 (10 November 2023)
  210. Lagoon Beach Hotel v Lehane (235/2015) [2015] ZASCA 210 (21 December 2015)
  211. Lamroo (Pty) Ltd and Others v Theron and Others (3019/2023) [2024] ZAFSHC 17 (8 February 2024)
  212. Land and Agricultural Development Bank of SA t/a Landbank v Master of the High Court and Others (352/2005) [2006] ZASCA 70 (30 May 2006)
  213. Land and Agricultural Development Bank of SA v Parker and Others (186/2003) [2004] ZASCA 56 (23 September 2004)
  214. Law Society of Northern Provinces v Malange (20371/17) [2018] ZAGPPHC 167 (26 January 2018)
  215. Law Society of Northern Provinces v Malange (20371/17) [2018] ZAGPPHC 533 (26 January 2018)
  216. Law Society of the Northern Provinces v Mofomme (30695/17) [2018] ZAGPPHC 684 (14 March 2018)
  217. Law Society of the Northern Provinces v Samuels (12992/2017) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1409 (21 December 2023)
  218. Le Roux and Others v Viana NO and Others (494/2006) [2007] ZASCA 173 (30 November 2007)
  219. Le Sueur v Stainton (12504/2022P) [2023] ZAKZPHC 104 (6 October 2023)
  220. Legal Practice Council of South Africa v Mashaba and Another (88175/2018) [2023] ZAGPPHC 117 (27 February 2023)
  221. Legal Practice Council v Ahmed (11940/2023) [2023] ZAWCHC 171 (1 November 2023)
  222. Legal Practice Council v Mkize (13204/2022; 13881/2021) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1050 (8 September 2023)
  223. Legh v Nungu Trading 353 (Pty) Ltd and Another (3/2007) [2007] ZASCA 122 (27 September 2007)
  224. Liberty Group Ltd v Moosa (126/2021) [2023] ZASCA 52 (14 April 2023)
  225. Liebman v Liebman; In Re: Liebman v Liebman (24227/2021) [2022] ZAGPPHC 1090 (5 December 2022)
  226. Liezel Venter NO and Another v Alba Skrynwerkersgeboue Pty Ltd (1871/2021) [2022] ZANCHC 31 (22 July 2022)
  227. Limpopo Provincial Council of South African Legal Practice Council v Chueu Incorporated Attorneys and Others (459/2022) [2023] ZASCA 112 (26 July 2023)
  228. Lupacchini NO and Another v Minister of Safety and Security (16/2010) [2010] ZASCA 108 (17 September 2010)
  229. Lyconet Austria GmbH v Weiglhofer and Others ; In re: Weiglhofer and Others v Lyconet South Africa (Pty) Ltd (2023-082122) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1212 (20 October 2023)
  230. Lynn NO and Another v Coreejes and Another (687/2010) [2011] ZASCA 159 (28 September 2011)
  231. M P v P P (52101/2018) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1205 (6 November 2023)
  232. MET Import CC t/a Metro Oriental Import and Export v Master of High Court Johannesburg and Others (122962/2023) [2024] ZAGPJHC 73 (29 January 2024)
  233. MP Finance Group CC (in liquidation) v Commissioner for South African Revenue Service (41/2006) [2007] ZASCA 71 (31 May 2007)
  234. MacKay v Fey and Another (463/2004) [2005] ZASCA 83 (22 September 2005)
  235. Maclean v Haasbroek and Others (47/56) [1956] ZASCA 103 (13 December 1956)
  236. Macsteel Service Centres SA (Pty) Ltd v Breedt (59556/2021) [2023] ZAGPPHC 519 (10 May 2023)
  237. Mafate Business Enterprise v Malepe and Others (1990/2022) [2022] ZALMPPHC 1 (8 April 2022)
  238. Mahlobogoane and Another v Willow Acres Estate Homeowners Association NPC (11789/19) [2023] ZAGPPHC 134 (24 February 2023)
  239. Malcolm Wentzel v Discovery Life Limited and Others: In Re Botha and Others NNO v Wentzel (1001/2019) [2020] ZASCA 121 (2 October 2020)
  240. Mali and Others v Dube and Another (22833/2022) [2022] ZAGPJHC 436 (12 July 2022)
  241. Manelis v Manelis (32624/15) [2022] ZAGPJHC 880 (29 June 2022)
  242. Mantis Investment Holdings (Pty) Ltd v Eastern Cape Development Corporation and Others (857 of 2017) [2018] ZASCA 95 (1 June 2018)
  243. Mantis Investments Holdings (Pty) Ltd and Another v De Jager and Another NNO (696/2022) [2023] ZASCA 134 (18 October 2023)
  244. Maritz and Another v Maritz and Pieterse Inc (175/2004) [2005] ZASCA 49 (30 May 2005)
  245. Marks and Another v Bester and Others (12698/22) [2024] ZAWCHC 46 (13 March 2024)
  246. Marques and Others v Group Five Construction (Pty) Ltd N.N.O and Others (D 1051/2019) [2019] ZALCJHB 139 (25 July 2019)
  247. Marques and Others v Group Five Construction (Pty) Ltd and Others (1051/2019) [2019] ZALCJHB 330 (25 July 2019)
  248. Mars Incorporated v Candy World (Pty) Ltd (265/1989) [1990] ZASCA 149 (28 November 1990)
  249. Masilo NO and Others v Betterbridge (Pty) Limited (37/2015) [2016] ZASCA 73 (25 May 2016)
  250. Master of High Court, Pretoria and Another v Firstrand Bank Ltd (Application for Leave to Appeal) (2022-035973) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1245 (6 November 2023)
  251. Master of the High Court Northern Gauteng High Court, Pretoria v Motala NO and Others (172/2011) [2011] ZASCA 238 (1 December 2011)
  252. Matsepe N.N.O. and Another v Kroons Gourmet Chickens (Pty) Ltd and Others; In Re: Kroons Gourmet Chickens (Pty) Ltd and Another v Master of the High Court N.N.O. and Others (A185/2020) [2023] ZAGPPHC 890 (24 July 2023)
  253. Mayo NO v De Montlehu (20504/2014) [2015] ZASCA 127 (23 September 2015)
  254. Mazars Recovery & Restructuring (Pty) Ltd and Others v Montic Dairy (Pty) Ltd (in liquidation) and Othrs (526/2021) [2022] ZASCA 135 (13 October 2022)
  255. Mbutuma v Xhosa Development Corporation Limited (329/76) [1977] ZASCA 136 (30 November 1977)
  256. McCarthy Ltd v Gore NO (163/2006) [2007] ZASCA 32 (28 March 2007)
  257. Mccarthy Contractors (Pty) Ltd v Aegis Insurance Company Ltd (374/1992) [1993] ZASCA 199 (1 December 1993)
  258. Meeg Bank Ltd v Waymark and Others (103/2003) [2004] ZASCA 17 (26 March 2004)
  259. Mentz NO v Truck MEC (Pty) Ltd (1216/21) [2021] ZAGPJHC 448 (30 June 2021)
  260. Mercantile Bank Ltd v Roos and Another (19791/2020) [2023] ZAGPJHC 435 (8 May 2023)
  261. Metlika Trading Ltd and Others v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service (427/2003; 438/2003) [2004] ZASCA 97 (1 October 2004)
  262. Michau N.N.O. and Others v Mouritzen (6105/2022P) [2023] ZAKZPHC 78 (4 August 2023)
  263. Millman NO v Twiggs and Another (610/1993) [1995] ZASCA 62 (26 May 1995)
  264. Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies and Another v South African Post Office Soc Ltd N.N.O. and Others (2023-051134) [2023] ZAGPPHC 774 (10 July 2023)
  265. Minister of Constitutional Development and Another v South African Restructuring and Insolvency Practitioners Association and Others [2018] ZACC 20 (5 July 2018)
  266. Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development and Another v South African Restructuring and Insolvency Practitioners Association and Others (693 of 2015) [2016] ZASCA 196 (2 December 2016)
  267. Minister of Law and Order and Others v Hurley and Another (59/86) [1986] ZASCA 53 (26 May 1986)
  268. Minister of Minerals and Energy v Agri South Africa (458/2011) [2012] ZASCA 93 (31 May 2012)
  269. Mintails SA (Pty) Ltd v Mintails Mining SA (Pty) Ltd N.N.O and Others (39004/21) [2021] ZAGPJHC 401 (10 December 2021)
  270. Moch v Nedtravel (Pty) Ltd t/a American Express Travel Service (329/1995) [1996] ZASCA 2 (22 February 1996)
  271. Mokhele and Another v South African Legal Practice Council ; In re: South African Legal Practice Council v Mokhele and Another (5511/2022) [2023] ZAFSHC 70 (27 March 2023)
  272. Moodliar and Others v Recycling and Economic Initiative of South Africa NPC (977/2019) [2020] ZASCA 101 (15 September 2020)
  273. Moolman v Builders & Developers (Pty) Ltd (170/1989) [1989] ZASCA 171 (1 December 1989)
  274. Motala v Master of the North Gauteng High Court, Pretoria (92/2018) [2019] ZASCA 60 (17 May 2019)
  275. Mukombachoto v Rossiter and Others; In re: Mukombachoto v Rossiter and Another (27279/19) [2022] ZAGPPHC 895 (22 June 2022)
  276. Mukwevho v City of Johannesburg and Others (2018/9063) [2023] ZAGPJHC 304 (17 April 2023)
  277. Mulaudzi v Old Mutual Life Insurance Company (South Africa) Limited and Others, National Director of Public Prosecutions and Another v Mulaudzi (210 of 2015; 98 of 2016) [2017] ZASCA 88 (6 June 2017)
  278. Munsamy and Another v Astron Energy (Pty) Ltd and Others (27101/19) [2021] ZAGPJHC 22 (15 September 2021)
  279. Murray N.N.O. and Others v Ntombela and Others; In re: Ntombela and Another v Muray N.N.O. and Others (3807/2020) [2022] ZAFSHC 73 (24 June 2022)
  280. Murray N.O. and Others v Humansdorp Co-operative Limited (1274/2021) [2022] ZASCA 187 (30 December 2022)
  281. Murray N.O. and Others v Master of the High Court Pretoria N.O. and Others (2023/016586) [2023] ZAGPPHC 673 (9 June 2023)
  282. Murray NO and Another v Firstrand Bank Ltd t/a Wesbank (20104/2014) [2015] ZASCA 39 (26 March 2015)
  283. Naidoo and Others v Kalianjee NO and Others (20345/2014) [2015] ZASCA 102 (29 June 2015)
  284. Namdeb Diamond Corporation (Pty) Ltd v Bester NO and Others (144/1993) [1995] ZASCA 72 (31 May 1995)
  285. Nat Industries (Pty) Ltd and Others v Grindrod Bank Ltd (D10128/2022) [2023] ZAKZDHC 59 (25 October 2023)
  286. National Commissioner of Correctional Services and Another v Democratic Alliance and Others (33/2022) [2022] ZASCA 159 (21 November 2022)
  287. National Director for Public Prosecutions v Ramlutchman (677 of 2015) [2016] ZASCA 202 (9 December 2016)
  288. National Iranian Oil Company v Banque Paribas (Suisse) SA and Another (265/1991) [1993] ZASCA 79 (28 May 1993)
  289. National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa obo M Fohlisa and Others v Hendor Mining Supplies (a division of Marschalk Beleggings (Pty) Ltd) [2017] ZACC 9 (30 March 2017)
  290. Ndubu and Others v First Rand Bank Limited t/a Wesbank (1113 of 2016) [2017] ZASCA 61 (26 May 2017)
  291. Nedbank Limited v Liberty Moon Investments 82 (Pty) Ltd (4629/2021) [2022] ZAGPJHC 357 (6 June 2022)
  292. Nedcor Bank Ltd and Others v Master of The High Court and Others (2) (111/2001) [2002] ZASCA 54 (29 May 2002)
  293. Nedcor Bank Ltd v Master of the High Court and Others (440/2000) [2001] ZASCA 106 (27 September 2001)
  294. Nel and Another v Master of the High Court Eastern Cape and Others (A 9/2003) [2004] ZASCA 26 (1 April 2004)
  295. Nelson v Nelson (2283/2021) [2022] ZAECGHC 9 (17 May 2022)
  296. Norex Industrial properties (Pty) Ltd v Monarch South Africa Company Ltd (393/1985) [1986] ZASCA 137 (28 November 1986)
  297. Nortiger Logistics SA (Pty) Ltd v Marais N.N.O. and Others; In Re: Marais N.N.O. and Another v Nortiger Logistics SA (Pty) Ltd (14866/2022) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1068 (14 September 2023)
  298. O'Shea NO v Van Zyl NO and Others (791/2010) [2011] ZASCA 156 (28 September 2011)
  299. Oakdene Square Properties (Pty) Ltd and Others v Farm Bothasfontein (Kyalami) (Pty) Ltd and Others (609/2012) [2013] ZASCA 68 (27 May 2013)
  300. Odendaal v Nomoredebt Trust and Others (63675/18) [2019] ZAGPPHC 485 (8 February 2019)
  301. Off-Beat Holiday Club and Another v Sanbonani Holiday Spa Share Block Limited and Others (20231/2014) [2016] ZASCA 62 (25 April 2016)
  302. Oosthuizen and Another v Standard Credit Corporation Ltd (385/1991) [1993] ZASCA 59 (14 May 1993)
  303. Optimum Coal Terminal (Pty) Ltd and Others v Richards Bay Coal Terminal (Pty) Ltd and Others (D531/2023) [2023] ZAKZDHC 22 (31 May 2023)
  304. Osborne v Cockin NO and Others (549 of 2017) [2018] ZASCA 58 (17 May 2018)
  305. Palierakis v Atlas Carton and Litho and Others (JS 1039 /10) [2014] ZALCJHB 111 (20 June 2014)
  306. Parbhoo and Others v Getz and Others [1997] ZACC 9 (18 September 1997)
  307. Paterson NO v Trust Bank of Africa Limited (132/78) [1979] ZASCA 100 (25 September 1979)
  308. Petra Nera Body Corporate v Sekgala (8951/17) [2020] ZAGPJHC 10 (26 August 2020)
  309. Pharmaceutical Society of South Africa and Others v Minister of Health and Another; New Clicks South Africa (Pty) Limited v Tshabalala-Msimang NO and Another (542/2004; 543/2004) [2004] ZASCA 122 (20 December 2004)
  310. Pieters N.O. v Absa Bank Ltd (979/2018) [2019] ZASCA 118 (23 September 2019)
  311. Pillay v Imani and Others (36891/21) [2021] ZAGPJHC 130 (15 November 2021)
  312. Poole and Another v Rashida Industries (Pty) Ltd and Others (067770/2023) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1206 (26 October 2023)
  313. Post Office Retirement Fund v South African Post Office SOC Ltd and Others (1134/2020) [2021] ZASCA 186 (30 December 2021)
  314. Prinsloo and Others v S (827/2011) [2015] ZASCA 207 (4 December 2015)
  315. Prudential Authority and Another v Habib Overseas Bank and Others (2023-071935) [2024] ZAGPPHC 205 (26 February 2024)
  316. R M v M M (608/22) [2023] ZANWHC 598 (21 November 2023)
  317. R v Herholdt (111/56) [1957] ZASCA 22 (7 May 1957)
  318. R v Omarjee (195/54) [1955] ZASCA 20 (31 March 1955)
  319. Rahman v Karodia (9235/2008) [2009] ZAKZDHC 29 (17 July 2009)
  320. Ramahlo N.N.O. and Another v Pick n Pay Retailers (Pty) Ltd (5214/2013) [2023] ZAGPJHC 40 (25 January 2023)
  321. Regan Van Rooy (Pty) Ltd v Louberri 14 (Pty) Ltd (6082/2023) [2023] ZAWCHC 187 (4 December 2023)
  322. Reiscor Two (Pty) Ltd t/a Bootleggers v Anheuser-Busch Africa (Pty) Ltd and Another (2022/2731) [2024] ZAGPJHC 1657 (11 April 2024)
  323. Rennie NO v Gordon NO and Another (103/1987) [1987] ZASCA 101 (24 September 1987)
  324. Richard Keay Pollock N.O and Others v Victor and Others (735/2021) [2022] ZAFSHC 66 (17 June 2022)
  325. Richfield Body Corporate v Mpofu and Another (2021/58945) [2023] ZAGPJHC 211 (23 March 2023)
  326. Rodel Financial Services Proprietary Limited v O'Callaghan (2016/23121) [2017] ZAGPJHC 467 (31 March 2017)
  327. Roolal N.O. v Mphephu N.N.O. and Another (2020/20343) [2023] ZAGPJHC 782 (5 July 2023)
  328. Rootman v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others (16/2006) [2006] ZASCA 79 (31 May 2006)
  329. S v Clifford (264/74) [1975] ZASCA 120 (28 November 1975)
  330. S v Harper (359/1989) [1989] ZASCA 162 (29 November 1989)
  331. S v Kruger (107/55) [1956] ZASCA 2 (9 March 1956)
  332. S v Levitt (170/75) [1976] ZASCA 53 (2 June 1976)
  333. S v Stokes (532/2007) [2008] ZASCA 72 (30 May 2008)
  334. SA AD Investments (Pty) Ltd N.N.O. and Others v Mogale City Local Municipality (2023/022072) [2023] ZAGPJHC 261 (27 March 2023)
  335. Sackstein NO v Proudfoot SA (Pty) Ltd (119/2002) [2003] ZASCA 8 (7 March 2003)
  336. Sackstein NO v Proudfoot SA (Pty) Ltd (141/2005) [2006] ZASCA 8 (10 March 2006)
  337. Schoonbee NO and Others v Wohlkinger and Others (2022/23317) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1402 (21 November 2023)
  338. Sechaba Medical Solutions and Others v Sekete and Others (216/2014) [2015] ZASCA 8 (11 March 2015)
  339. Secretary, Customs and Excise v Millman NO (160/74) [1975] ZASCA 28 (19 May 1975)
  340. Sedwin Investments (Pty) Ltd v Datnow; Sedwin Investments (Pty) Ltd v Datnow (2024/2022; 3119/2021) [2023] ZAECELLC 7 (7 March 2023)
  341. Sekgala v Body Corporate of Petra Nera; In Re: Body Corporate of Petra Nera v Sekgala (08951/2017) [2023] ZAGPJHC 250 (13 April 2023)
  342. Sekgala v Body Corporate of Petra Nera; In Re: Body Corporate of Petra Nera v Sekgala (08951/2017) [2023] ZAGPJHC 777 (3 July 2023)
  343. Senwes Ltd v van der Merwe (241/2012) [2012] ZASCA 192 (30 November 2012)
  344. Shackleton Credit Management (Pty) Ltd v Ngakatau and Another (38729/20) [2022] ZAGPJHC 51 (11 February 2022)
  345. Shelton v South African Revenue Service (142/2000) [2001] ZASCA 129 (27 November 2001)
  346. Sidumo and Another v Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd and Others [2007] ZACC 22 (5 October 2007)
  347. Singer NO v Master of the Supreme Court, Transvaal Provincial Division and Another (518/1992) [1994] ZASCA 60 (30 March 1994)
  348. Sithole NO and Others v Mulaudzi and Another (A 286/20) [2022] ZAGPPHC 846 (24 June 2022)
  349. Slims (Pty) Ltd and Another v Morris NO (256/1986) [1987] ZASCA 128 (10 November 1987)
  350. Smith N.O. and Others v Van der Ryst ; In re: Van der Ryst v Master of High Court, Northern Cape and Others (1316/2023) [2024] ZANCHC 11 (9 February 2024)
  351. Smith v Porritt and Others (536/2005) [2007] ZASCA 19 (23 March 2007)
  352. South African Legal Council v Matsi and Another (078312/2023) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1244 (30 August 2023)
  353. South African Legal Practice Council v Harper and Another (51846/21) [2021] ZAGPJHC 435 (21 December 2021)
  354. South African Legal Practice Council v Masingi (2023-077988) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1060 (13 September 2023)
  355. South African Legal Practice Council v Mokoana (32103/20) [2023] ZAGPPHC 139 (9 March 2023)
  356. South African Legal Practice Council v Teffo (10991/21) [2022] ZAGPPHC 629 (16 September 2022)
  357. South African Reserve Bank and Another v Maddocks NO and Another (1268/2021) [2023] ZASCA 4 (23 January 2023)
  358. South African Reserve Bank v Leathern NO and Others (854/2020) [2021] ZASCA 102 (20 July 2021)
  359. South African Securitisation Programme (RF) Limited and Others v WBT Auto Wholesalers (1896/2023) [2024] ZAWCHC 10 (5 February 2024)
  360. South African Securitisation Programme (RF) Ltd and Others v 7 Sirs Group (Pty) Ltd and Others (9525/2022) [2024] ZAWCHC 51 (20 March 2024)
  361. Spendiff NO v Kolektor (Pty) Ltd (267/1991) [1992] ZASCA 18 (12 March 1992)
  362. St Claire Cooper NO and Others v Miftah Ul Junainah CC (1495/2022) [2022] ZAWCHC 143 (5 October 2022)
  363. Standard Bank of South Africa Limited v Master of the High Court Johannesburg and Others (012167/2022) [2023] ZAGPJHC 989 (1 September 2023)
  364. Standard Bank of South Africa Limited v Mothuloe (20/21345) [2022] ZAGPJHC 1241 (19 December 2022)
  365. Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd v Master of the High Court and Others (112/1997) [1998] ZASCA 108 (27 November 1998)
  366. Statusfin Financial Service (Pty) Ltd v Carstens and Another (23807/2018) [2022] ZAGPPHC 675 (17 October 2022)
  367. Steve Tshwete Local Municipality v Fedbond Participation Mortgage Bond Managers (Pty) Ltd and Another (409/2012) [2013] ZASCA 15 (20 March 2013)
  368. Stewart NO and Others v Govender and Another (58165/2021) [2022] ZAGPJHC 842 (31 October 2022)
  369. Stewart NO and Others v Pillay NO and Another (8855/2017P) [2022] ZAKZPHC 49 (16 September 2022)
  370. Steynsburg N.O. v Wessels (19653/2021) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1177 (24 October 2023)
  371. Stratford and Others v Investec Bank Limited and Others [2014] ZACC 38 (19 December 2014)
  372. Strauss v Tracy N.N.O. and Others (10387/2022) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1117 (3 April 2023)
  373. Strip Mining (Pty) Ltd v Natal Coal Exploration Company Ltd (In Liquidation) and Others (156/1997) [1998] ZASCA 104 (26 November 1998)
  374. Strydom N.N.O. and Others v Le Roux (2613/2022) [2023] ZAWCHC 147 (15 September 2023)
  375. Strydom NO and Another v Snowball Wealth (Pty) Ltd and Others (356 of 2021) [2022] ZASCA 91 (15 June 2022)
  376. Supermarket Leaseback (Elsburg) (Pty) Ltd v Santam Insurance (329/1989) [1990] ZASCA 131 (13 November 1990)
  377. Swadif (Proprietary) Limited v Dyke NO (366/76) [1978] ZASCA 17 (14 March 1978)
  378. Swart v Starbuck and Others (20785/2014) [2016] ZASCA 83 (30 May 2016)
  379. Swart v Starbuck and Others [2017] ZACC 23 (29 June 2017)
  380. Swartz N.O. v K and Another (A 5036/21) [2021] ZAGPJHC 461 (15 December 2021)
  381. Symes N.N.O. and Another v De Vries Attorneys Inc and Another (2022/011114) [2023] ZAGPJHC 796 (10 July 2023)
  382. Talacchi and Another v Master of the Supreme Court of South Africa (Transvaal Provincial Division) and Others (568/1996) [1998] ZASCA 96 (20 November 1998)
  383. Taljaard and Another v Botha N.N.O. and Others (1094/2022) [2023] ZANCHC 55 (25 August 2023)
  384. Taljaard and Another v Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa and Others ; In re: Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa v Du Toit NO and Others ; Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa v Du Toit NO and Others ; Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa v Van der Merwe (Snr) NO and Others (1335/2021; 2436/2021; 963/2021; 964/2021; N557/2021) [2023] ZANCHC 96 (1 December 2023)
  385. Taljaard and Another v Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa and Others; In Re: Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa v Du Toit NO and Others; In Re: Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa v Du Toit NO and Others; In Re: Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa v Van der Merwe NO and Others (1094/2022; 2436/2021; 963/2021; 964/2021; M557/2021/27) [2022] ZANCHC 50 (11 October 2022)
  386. Thomas Construction (Pty) Ltd v Grafton Furniture Manufacturers (Pty) Ltd (250/1986) [1988] ZASCA 2 (18 February 1988)
  387. Thomas and Another v Thomas (1223/2021) [2023] ZASCA 36 (31 March 2023)
  388. Tissue World CC and Another v Kyriacou (32547/17) [2019] ZAGPPHC 376 (6 May 2019)
  389. Trakman NO v Livshitz and Others (709/1992) [1994] ZASCA 132 (26 September 1994)
  390. Transnet Ltd and Another v SA Metal Machinery Company (Pty) Ltd (147/2005) [2005] ZASCA 113 (29 November 2005)
  391. Transnet Second Defined Benefit Fund v Wood (21/21875) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1524 (19 December 2023)
  392. Transnet Second Defined Benefit Fund v Wood (21875/21) [2022] ZAGPJHC 1123 (10 November 2022)
  393. Tshisevhe Gwina Ratshimbilani Incorporated v Gijima Holdings (Pty) Ltd (41445/20) [2022] ZAGPJHC 454 (11 July 2022)
  394. Uitenhage Transitional Local Council v South African Revenue Service (11/2003) [2003] ZASCA 76 (5 September 2003)
  395. Ukubona 2000 Electrical CC and Another v City Power Johannesburg (Pty) Ltd (155/2003) [2004] ZASCA 65 (1 June 2004)
  396. Umbogintwini Land and Investment Company (Pty) Ltd v Barclays National Bank Ltd and Another (205/1986) [1987] ZASCA 86 (17 September 1987)
  397. Uniqon Wonings (Pty) Ltd v Brooklyn and Eastern Areas Citizen Association (7620/2021; A253/2022) [2024] ZAGPPHC 149 (7 February 2024)
  398. Unitrans Freight (Pty) Ltd v Santam Ltd (86/2003) [2004] ZASCA 20 (29 March 2004)
  399. V v V (7833/16) [2018] ZAGPPHC 280 (6 July 2018)
  400. Van Den Heever N.N.O. and Another v Moodley (55974/2021) [2023] ZAGPJHC 208 (13 March 2023)
  401. Van Der Heever N.N.O and Others v RC Christie Incorporated and Others (21746/2019) [2022] ZAGPJHC 1106 (16 November 2022)
  402. Van Heerden N.O. and Another v Master of the Eastern Cape High Court Port Elizabeth N.O. and Others (1358/2022) [2023] ZAECPEHC 60 (3 October 2023)
  403. Van Reenen v Santam Ltd (623/2012) [2013] ZASCA 74 (29 May 2013)
  404. Van Rooyen N.N.O. and Another v Nkwinika and Another (18665/2021) [2023] ZAGPPHC 150 (20 March 2023)
  405. Van Wyk Van Heerden Attorneys v Gore N.O. and Another (828/2021) [2022] ZASCA 128 (30 September 2022)
  406. Van Zyl NO and Others v Master of High Court of South Africa Western Cape High Court, Cape Town and Another (25059/2011) [2013] ZAWCHC 236 (5 April 2013)
  407. Van den Heever v Taljaard and Others (289 of 2017) [2018] ZASCA 22 (20 March 2018)
  408. Van der Berg v Coopers & Lybrand Trust (Pty) Ltd and Others (466/1998) [2000] ZASCA 73 (29 November 2000)
  409. Venfin Investments (Pty) Ltd v KZN Resins (Pty) Ltd t/a KZN Resins (642/2010) [2011] ZASCA 128 (15 September 2011)
  410. Venter NO v Avfin (Pty) Ltd (193/1994) [1995] ZASCA 156 (29 November 1995)
  411. Victor and Another v Wonderhoek Farms (Pty) Ltd and Others (5049/2014) [2022] ZAFSHC 68 (10 June 2022)
  412. Vincemus Investments (Pty) Ltd v Bekker NO and Others ; In Re: Vincemus Investments (Pty) Ltd v Travea (Pty) Ltd (12477/2020) [2022] ZAWCHC 155 (28 October 2022)
  413. Volks NO v Robinson and Others [2005] ZACC 2 (21 February 2005)
  414. Wallach v High Court of South Africa (Witwatersrand Local Division) and Others [2003] ZACC 6 (4 April 2003)
  415. Wallach v Registrar of Deeds (Pretoria) and Others, Wallach v Spilg and Others [2003] ZACC 20 (14 November 2003)
  416. Ward and Another v Suit and Others ; In Re: Gurr v Zambia Airways Corporation Ltd (51/1996) [1998] ZASCA 16 (23 March 1998)
  417. Weltmans Custom Office Furniture (Pty) Ltd (In Liquidation) v Whistlers CC (177/1997) [1999] ZASCA 45 (1 June 1999)
  418. Whitehead and Another v Trustees, Insolvent Estate Riekert and Others (567/2020) [2020] ZASCA 124 (7 October 2020)
  419. Wilkens NO en 'n Ander v Bester (543/1995) [1997] ZASCA 9 (13 Maart 1997)
  420. Willow Waters Homeowners Association (Pty) Ltd v Koka NO and Others (768/2013) [2014] ZASCA 220 (12 December 2014)
  421. Wishart and Others v BHP Billiton Coal South Africa (Pty) Limited and Others (162 of 2016) [2016] ZASCA 164 (16 November 2016)
  422. Wishart and Others v Blieden NO and Others (659/2013) [2014] ZASCA 120 (19 September 2014)
  423. Yzerfontein Curesmiths (Pty) Ltd t/a Flying Pig and Others v Laubscher and Another (14263/2023) [2023] ZAWCHC 192 (6 December 2023)
  424. Zervas v Adams & Adams Attorneys and Others (24794/2018) [2022] ZAGPPHC 1169 (13 December 2022)
  425. Zwarts v Janse van Rensburg NO and Others (590/2010) [2011] ZASCA 70 (25 May 2011)
Law Reform Report 1
  1. Investigation into Legal Fees - Including Access to Justice and Other Interventions - Project 142
Legislation 31
  1. Alienation of Land Act, 1981
  2. Basic Conditions of Employment Act, 1997
  3. Companies Act, 2008
  4. Credit Control
  5. Credit Control and Debt Collection
  6. Credit Control and Debt Collection
  7. Credit Control and Debt Collection
  8. Credit Control, Debt Collection and Indigent Support
  9. Credit Control, Tariffs and Debt Collection
  10. Customer Care and Revenue Management
  11. Durban Fresh Produce Market
  12. Eastern Cape Liquor Authority Act, 2018
  13. Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Agency Act, 2010
  14. Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Act, 2002
  15. Financial Markets Act, 2012
  16. Financial Sector Regulation Act, 2017
  17. Fort Cox Agricultural Institute Transitional Provisions Act, 2015
  18. Income Tax Act, 1962
  19. KwaZulu-Natal Gaming and Betting Act, 2010
  20. Legal Aid South Africa Act, 2014
  21. Local Government: Municipal Finance Management Act, 2003
  22. Market
  23. Matrimonial Property Act, 1984
  24. Mpumalanga Economic Growth Agency Act, 2010
  25. Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency Act, 2005
  26. National Credit Act, 2005
  27. National Water Act, 1998
  28. Prevention of Organised Crime Act, 1998
  29. Sheriffs Act, 1986
  30. Trust Property Control Act, 1988
  31. Unemployment Insurance Act, 2001