Trust Property Control Act, 1988

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South Africa
Citation
Act 57 of 1988
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English
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South Africa

Trust Property Control Act, 1988

Act 57 of 1988

  1. [Amended by Justice Laws Rationalisation Act, 1996 (Act 18 of 1996) on 1 April 1997]
  2. [Amended by General Laws (Anti-Money Laundering and Combating Terrorism Financing) Amendment Act, 2022 (Act 22 of 2022) on 1 April 2023]
(Afrikaans text signed by the State President.)ACTTo regulate further the control of trust property; and to provide for matters connected therewith.BE IT ENACTED by the State President and the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:—

1. Definitions

In this Act, unless the context otherwise indicates—"accountable institution" has the meaning defined in section 1(1) of and Schedule 1 to the Financial Intelligence Centre Act, 2001 (Act No. 38 of 2001);[definition of "accountable institution" inserted by section 1(a) of Act 22 of 2022]"banking institution" means an institution registered otherwise than provisionally as a bank in terms of the Banks Act, 1965 (Act No. 23 of 1965);"beneficial owner", in respect of the provisions of a trust instrument, means—(a)a natural person who directly or indirectly ultimately owns the relevant trust property;(b)a natural person who exercises effective control of the administration of the trust arrangements that are established pursuant to a trust instrument;(c)(i)each founder of the trust; or(ii)if a founder of the trust is a legal person, a person acting on behalf of a partnership or in pursuance of the provisions of a trust instrument, the natural person who directly or indirectly ultimately owns or exercises effective control of that legal person or partnership or the relevant trust property or trust arrangements pursuant to that trust instrument;(d)(i)each trustee of the trust; or(ii)if a trustee of the trust is a legal person or a person acting on behalf of a partnership, the natural person who directly or indirectly ultimately owns or exercises effective control of that legal person or partnership; and(e)(i)each beneficiary referred to by name in the trust instrument or other founding instrument in terms of which the trust is created; or(ii)if a beneficiary referred to by name in the trust instrument is a legal person, a partnership or a person acting on behalf of a partnership or a person acting in pursuance of the provisions of a trust instrument, the natural person who directly or indirectly ultimately owns or exercises effective control of that legal person or partnership or the relevant trust property or trust arrangements pursuant to that trust instrument;[definition of "beneficial owner" inserted by section 1(b) of Act 22 of 2022]"building society" means a mutual building society registered finally as a mutual building society in terms of the Mutual Building Societies Act, 1965 (Act No. 24 of 1965), or a building society registered finally as a building society in terms of the Building Societies Act, 1986 (Act No. 82 of 1986);"court" means the provincial or local division of the Supreme Court of South Africa having jurisdiction;"financial institution" means a financial institution as defined in the Financial Institutions (Investment of Funds) Act, 1984 (Act No. 39 of 1984);"Master", in relation to any matter, means the Master, Deputy Master or Assistant Master of the Supreme Court appointed under section 2 of the Administration of Estates Act, 1965 (Act No. 66 of 1965), who under section 3 of this Act has jurisdiction in respect of the matter concerned;"trust" means the arrangement through which the ownership in property of one person is by virtue of a trust instrument made over or bequeathed—(a)to another person, the trustee, in whole or in part, to be administered or disposed of according to the provisions of the trust instrument for the benefit of the person or class of persons designated in the trust instrument or for the achievement of the object stated in the trust instrument; or(b)to the beneficiaries designated in the trust instrument, which property is placed under the control of another person, the trustee, to be administered or disposed of according to the provisions of the trust instrument for the benefit of the person or class of persons designated in the trust instrument or for the achievement of the object stated in the trust instrument,but does not include the case where the property of another is to be administered by any person as executor, tutor or curator in terms of the provisions of the Administration of Estates Act, 1965 (Act No. 66 of 1965);"trustee" means any person (including the founder of a trust) who acts as trustee by virtue of an authorization under section 6 and includes any person whose appointment as trustee is already of force and effect at the commencement of this Act;"trust instrument" means a written agreement or a testamentary writing or a court order according to which a trust was created;"trust property" or "property" means movable or immovable property, and includes contingent interests in property, which in accordance with the provisions of a trust instrument are to be administered or disposed of by a trustee.

2. Certain documents deemed to be trust instruments

If a document represents the reduction to writing of an oral agreement by which a trust was created or varied, such document shall for the purposes of this Act be deemed to be a trust instrument.

3. Jurisdiction of Masters

(1)
(a)In respect of trust property which is to be administered or disposed of in terms of a testamentary writing, jurisdiction shall lie with the Master in whose office the testamentary writing or a copy thereof is registered and accepted, and in any other case, with the Master in whose area of appointment in terms of the Administration of Estates Act, 1965 (Act No. 66 of 1965), the greater or greatest portion of the trust property is situated: Provided that a Master who has exercised jurisdiction shall continue to have jurisdiction notwithstanding any change in the situation of the greater or greatest portion of the trust property.
(b)Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (a) a Master who would otherwise have no jurisdiction in respect of trust propery may, on written application by any person having an interest in that trust property, and with the consent of the Master who has such jurisdiction, assume jurisdiction of that trust property.
(2)No act performed by a Master in the bona fide belief that he has jurisdiction shall be invalid merely on the ground that it should have been performed by another Master.
(3)If more than one Master has in such belief exercised jurisdiction in respect of the same trust property, that property shall, without prejudice to the validity of any act already performed by or under the authority of any other Master, as soon as it becomes known to the Masters concerned, be administered or disposed of under the supervision of the Master who first exercised such jurisdiction, and any authorization or appointment of a trustee made by any other Master in respect of that property, shall thereupon be cancelled by such other Master.

4. Lodgement of trust instrument

(1)Except where the Master is already in possession of the trust instrument in question or an amendment thereof, a trustee whose appointment comes into force after the commencement of this Act shall, before he assumes control of the trust property, upon payment of the prescribed fee, lodge with the Master the trust instrument in terms of which the trust property is to be administered or disposed of by him, or a copy thereof certified as a true copy by a notary or other person approved by the Master.
(2)When a trust instrument which has been lodged with the Master is varied, the trustee shall lodge the amendment or a copy thereof so certified with the Master.

5. Notification of address

A person whose appointment as trustee comes into effect after the commencement of this Act, shall furnish the Master with an address for the service upon him of notices and process and shall, in case of change of address, within 14 days notify the Master by registered post of the new address.

6. Authorization of trustee and security

(1)Any person whose appointment as trustee in terms of a trust instrument, section 7 or a court order comes into force after the commencement of this Act, shall act in that capacity only if authorized thereto in writing by the Master.
(1A)A person is disqualified from being authorized as a trustee if the person—
(a)is an unrehabilitated insolvent;
(b)has been prohibited by a court to be a director of a company, or declared by a court to be delinquent in terms of section 162 of the Companies Act, 2008 (Act No. 71 of 2008), or section 47 of the Close Corporations Act, 1984 (Act No. 69 of 1984);
(c)is prohibited in terms of any law to be a director of a company;
(d)has been removed from an office of trust, on the grounds of misconduct involving dishonesty;
(e)has been convicted, in the Republic or elsewhere, and imprisoned without the option of a fine, or fined more than the prescribed amount in terms of section 69 of the Companies Act, 2008, for theft, fraud, forgery, perjury or an offence—
(i)involving fraud, misrepresentation or dishonesty, or money laundering, terrorist financing or proliferation financing activities as those terms are defined in section 1(1) of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act, 2001 (Act No. 38 of 2001);
(ii)in connection with the promotion, formation or management of a company, or in connection with any act contemplated in section 69(2) or (5) of the Companies Act, 2008; or
(iii)under this Act, the Companies Act, 2008, the Insolvency Act, 1936 (Act No. 24 of 1936), the Close Corporations Act, 1984, the Competition Act, 1998 (Act No. 89 of 1998), the Financial Intelligence Centre Act, 2001, the Financial Markets Act, 2012 (Act No. 19 of 2012), Chapter 2 of the Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act, 2004 (Act No. 12 of 2004), the Protection of Constitutional Democracy Against Terrorist and Related Activities Act, 2004 (Act No. 33 of 2004), or the Tax Administration Act, 2011 (Act No. 28 of 2011);
(f)is subject to a resolution adopted by the Security Council of the United Nations when acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, providing for financial sanctions which entail the identification of persons or entities against whom member states of the United Nations must take the actions specified in the resolution; or
(g)is an unemancipated minor, or is under a similar legal disability.
[subsection (1A) inserted by section 2 of Act 22 of 2022]
(1B)A disqualification in terms of subsection (1A)(d) or (e) ends at the later of—
(a)five years after the date of removal from office, or the completion of the sentence imposed for the relevant offence, as the case may be; or
(b)one or more extensions, as determined by a court from time to time, on application by the Master in terms of subsection (1C).
[subsection (1B) inserted by section 2 of Act 22 of 2022]
(1C)A disqualification in terms of subsection (1A)(f) ends when the Security Council of the United Nations takes a decision to no longer apply that resolution to a person contemplated in that subsection.[subsection (1C) inserted by section 2 of Act 22 of 2022]
(1D)At any time before the expiry of a person’s disqualification in terms of subsection (1A)(d) or (e)—
(a)the Master may apply to a court for an extension contemplated in subsection (1B)(b); and
(b)the court may extend the disqualification for no more than five years at a time, if the court is satisfied that an extension is necessary to protect the public,
having regard to the conduct of the disqualified person up to the time of the application.[subsection (1D) inserted by section 2 of Act 22 of 2022]
(1E)A court may exempt a person from the application of any provision of subsection (1A)(a), (c), (d) or (e).[subsection (1E) inserted by section 2 of Act 22 of 2022]
(1F)The Registrar of the Court must, upon—
(a)the issue of a sequestration order;
(b)the issue of an order for the removal of a person from any office of trust on the grounds of misconduct involving dishonesty; or
(c)a conviction for an offence referred to in subsection (1A)(e),
send a copy of the relevant order or particulars of the conviction, as the case may be, to the Master.[subsection (1F) inserted by section 2 of Act 22 of 2022]
(1G)The Master must notify each trust which has as a trustee to whom the order or conviction relates, of the order or conviction.[subsection (1G) inserted by section 2 of Act 22 of 2022]
(1H)
(a)The Master must establish and maintain in the prescribed manner a public register of persons who are disqualified from serving as a trustee, in terms of an order of a court pursuant to this Act or any other law.
(b)The prescribed requirements referred to in paragraph (a) must be prescribed after consultation with the Minister of Finance and the Financial Intelligence Centre, established by section 2 of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act, 2001 (Act No. 38 of 2001).
[subsection (1H) inserted by section 2 of Act 22 of 2022]
(2)The Master does not grant authority to the trustee in terms of this section, unless—
(a)he has furnished security to the satisfaction of the Master for the due and faithful performance of his duties as trustee; or
(b)he has been exempted from furnishing security by a court order or by the Master under subsection (3)(a) or, subject to the provisions of subsection (3)(d), in terms of a trust instrument:
Provided that where the furnishing of security is required, the Master may, pending the furnishing of security, authorize the trustee in writing to perform specified acts with regard to the trust property.
(3)The Master may, if in his opinion there are sound reasons to do so—
(a)whether or not security is required by the trust instrument (except a court order), dispense with security by a trustee;
(b)reduce or cancel any security furnished;
(c)order a trustee to furnish additional security;
(d)order a trustee who has been exempted from furnishing security in terms of a trust instrument (except a court order) to furnish security.
(4)If any authorization is given in terms of this section to a trustee which is a corporation, such authorization shall, subject to the provisions of the trust instrument, be given in the name of a nominee of the corporation for whose actions as trustee the corporation is legally liable, and any substitution for such nominee of some other person shall be endorsed on the said authorization.

7. Appointment of trustee and co-trustee by Master

(1)If the office of trustee cannot be filled or becomes vacant, the Master shall, in the absence of any provision in the trust instrument, after consultation with so many interested parties as he may deem necessary, appoint any person as trustee.
(2)When the Master considers it desirable, he may, notwithstanding the provisions of the trust instrument, appoint as co-trustee of any serving trustee any person whom he deems fit.

8. Foreign trustees

When a person who was appointed outside the Republic as trustee has to administer or dispose of trust property in the Republic, the provisions of this Act shall apply to such trustee in respect of such trust property and such person shall act in that capacity only if authorized thereto in writing by the Master under section 6.[section 8 substituted by section 3 of Act 22 of 2022]

9. Care, diligence and skill required of trustee

(1)A trustee shall in the performance of his duties and the exercise of his powers act with the care, diligence and skill which can reasonably be expected of a person who manages the affairs of another.
(2)Any provision contained in a trust instrument shall be void in so far as it would have the effect of exempting a trustee from or indemnifying him against liability for breach of trust where he fails to show the degree of care, diligence and skill as required in subsection (1).

10. Trust account

(1)Whenever a person receives money in his capacity as trustee, he shall deposit such money in a separate trust account at a banking institution or building society.[subsection (1), previously unnumbered, numbered by section 4 of Act 22 of 2022]
(2)A trustee must disclose their position as trustee to any accountable institution with which the trustee engages in that capacity, and must make it known to the accountable institution that the relevant transaction or business relationship relates to trust property.[subsection (2) added by section 4 of Act 22 of 2022]

11. Registration and identification of trust property

(1)Subject to the provisions of the Financial Institutions (Investment of Funds) Act, 1984 (Act No. 39 of 1984), section 40 of the Administration of Estates Act, 1965 (Act No. 66 of 1965), and the provisions of the trust instrument concerned, a trustee shall—
(a)indicate clearly in his bookkeeping the property which he holds in his capacity as trustee;
(b)if applicable, register trust property or keep it registered in such manner as to make it clear from the registration that it is trust property;
(c)make any account or investment at a financial institution identifiable as a trust account or trust investment;
(d)in the case of trust property other than property referred to in paragraphs (b) or (c), make such property identifiable as trust property in the best possible manner; and[paragraph (d) amended by section 5(a) of Act 22 of 2022]
(e)record the prescribed details relating to accountable institutions which the trustee uses as agents to perform any of the trustee’s functions relating to trust property, and from which the trustee obtains any services in respect of the trustee’s functions relating to trust property.[paragraph (e) added by section 5(b) of Act 22 of 2022]
(1A)The prescribed requirements referred to in paragraph (e) must be prescribed after consultation with the Minister of Finance and the Financial Intelligence Centre, established by section 2 of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act, 2001 (Act No. 38 of 2001).[subsection (1A) inserted by section 5(b) of Act 22 of 2022]
(2)In so far as the registration or identification of trust property being administered by a trustee at the commencement of this Act does not comply with the requirements of subsection (1), the trustee shall within a period of 12 months after the said commencement take such steps or cause such steps to be taken as may be necessary to bring the registration or identification of such property into conformity with the said requirements.
(3)Upon application in terms of subsection (2) to bring the registration of trust property into line with the provisions of subsection (1), the officer in charge of a deeds registry where such trust property is registered, shall free of charge take such steps as may be necessary to effect the required registration.

11A. Beneficial ownership

(1)A trustee must—
(a)establish and record the beneficial ownership of the trust;
(b)keep a record of the prescribed information relating to the beneficial owners of the trust;
(c)lodge a register of the prescribed information on the beneficial owners of the trust with the Master’s Office; and
(d)ensure that the prescribed information referred to in paragraphs (a) to (c) is kept up to date.
(2)The Master must keep a register in the prescribed form containing prescribed information about the beneficial ownership of trusts.
(3)A trustee must make the information contained in the register referred to in subsection (1)(c), and the Master must make the information in the register referred to in subsection (2), available to any person as prescribed.
(4)The prescribed requirements referred to in this section must be prescribed after consultation with the Minister of Finance and the Financial Intelligence Centre, established by section 2 of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act, 2001 (Act No. 38 of 2001).
[section 11A inserted by section 6 of Act 22 of 2022]

12. Separate position of trust property

Trust property shall not form part of the personal estate of the trustee except in so far as he as trust beneficiary is entitled to the trust property.

13. Power of court to vary trust provisions

If a trust instrument contains any provision which brings about consequences which in the opinion of the court the founder of a trust did not contemplate or foresee and which—
(a)hampers the achievement of the objects, of the founder; or
(b)prejudices the interests of beneficiaries; or
(c)is in conflict with the public interest,
the court may, on application of the trustee or any person who in the opinion of the court has a sufficient interest in the trust property, delete or vary any such provision or make in respect thereof any order which such court deems just, including an order whereby particular trust property is substituted for particular other property, or an order terminating the trust.

14. Variation of trust instrument

Whenever a trust beneficiary under tutorship or curatorship becomes entitled to a benefit in terms of a trust instrument, the tutor or curator of such a beneficiary may on behalf of the beneficiary agree to the amendment of the provisions of a trust instrument, provided such amendment is to the benefit of the beneficiary.

15. Report of irregularities

If an irregularity in connection with the administration of a trust comes to the notice of a person who audits the accounts of a trust, such person shall, if in his opinion it is a material irregularity, report it in writing to the trustee, and if such irregularity is not rectified to the satisfaction of such person within one month as from the date upon which it was reported to the trustee, that person shall report it in writing to the Master.

16. Master may call upon trustee to account

(1)A trustee shall, at the written request of the Master, account to the Master to his satisfaction and in accordance with the Master’s requirements for his administration and disposal of trust property and shall, at the written request of the Master, deliver to the Master any book, record, account or document relating to his administration or disposal of the trust property and shall to the best of his ability answer honestly and truthfully any question put to him by the Master in connection with the administration and disposal of the trust property.
(2)The Master may, if he deems it necessary, cause an investigation to be carried out by some fit and proper person appointed by him into the trustee’s administration and disposal of trust property.
(3)The Master shall make such order as he deems fit in connection with the costs of an investigation referred to in subsection (2).

17. Custody of documents

A trustee shall not without the written consent of the Master destroy any document which serves as proof of the investment, safe custody, control, administration, alienation or distribution of trust property before the expiry of a period of five years from the termination of a trust.

18. Copies of documents

Subject to the provisions of section 5(2) of the Administration of Estates Act, 1965 (Act No. 66 of 1965), regarding the documents in connection with the estate of a deceased person, the Master shall upon written request and payment of the prescribed fee furnish a certified copy of any document under his control relating to trust property to a trustee, his surety or his representative or any other person who in the opinion of the Master has sufficient interest in such document.

19. Failure by trustee to account or perform duties

(1)If any trustee fails to comply with a request by the Master in terms of section 16 or to perform any duty imposed upon the trustee by this Act, the trust instrument or by any other law, the Master or any person having an interest in the trust property may apply to the court for an order directing the trustee to comply with the Master’s request or to perform the duty.
(2)A trustee who fails to comply with an obligation referred to in section 10(2), 11(1)(e) or 11A(1), commits an offence and on conviction is liable to a fine not exceeding R10 million, or imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years, or to both such fine and imprisonment.
[section 19 substituted by section 7 of Act 22 of 2022]

20. Removal of trustee

(1)A trustee may, on the application of the Master or any person having an interest in the trust property, at any time be removed from his office by the court if the court is satisfied that such removal will be in the interests of the trust and its beneficiaries.
(2)A trustee may at any time be removed from office by the Master—
(a)if the person becomes disqualified to be authorised as a trustee in terms of section 6(1A); or
(b)if the trustee fails to give security or additional security, as the case may be, to the satisfaction of the Master within two months after having been requested to do so by the Master, or within a further period that is allowed by the Master; or
(c)if the trustee’s estate is sequestrated or liquidated or placed under judicial management; or
(d)if the trustee has been declared by a competent court to be mentally ill or incapable of managing their own affairs or if the trustee is by virtue of the Mental Health Care Act, 2002 (Act No. 17 of 2002), detained as a patient in an institution or as a State patient; or
(e)if the trustee fails to perform satisfactorily any duty imposed upon the trustee by or under this Act or to comply with the requirements of this Act or any lawful request of the Master.
[subsection (2) amended by section 4 of Act 18 of 1996 and substituted by section 8 of Act 22 of 2022]
(3)If a trustee authorized to act under section 6(1) is removed from his office or resigns, he shall without delay return his written authority to the Master.

21. Resignation by trustee

Whether or not the trust instrument provides for the trustee’s resignation, the trustee may resign by notice in writing to the Master and the ascertained beneficiaries who have legal capacity, or to the tutors or curators of the beneficiaries of the trust under tutorship or curatorship.

22. Remuneration of trustee

A trustee shall in respect of the execution of his official duties be entitled to such remuneration as provided for in the trust instrument or, where no such provision is made, to a reasonable remuneration, which shall in the event of a dispute be fixed by the Master.

23. Access to court

Any person who feels aggrieved by an authorization, appointment or removal of a trustee by the Master or by any decision, order or direction of the Master made or issued under this Act, may apply to the court for relief, and the court shall have the power to consider the merits of any such matter, to take evidence and to make any order it deems fit.

24. Regulations

The Minister of Justice may make regulations regarding any matter which in terms of this Act is required or permitted to be prescribed.

25. Application of Act

This Act shall not apply to a trust which has been exempted by any other Act from the application of the Trust Moneys Protection Act, 1934 (Act No. 34 of 1934), or to a scheme in terms of the Participation Bonds Act, 1981 (Act No. 55 of 1981).

26. Amendment or repeal of laws, and savings

(1)The laws mentioned in the Schedule are hereby repealed or amended to the extent indicated in the third column thereof.
(2)Anything done under any provision of any law repealed by subsection (1) which may be done under a corresponding provision of this Act, shall be deemed to have been done under that corresponding provision.

27. Short title and commencement

This Act shall be called the Trust Property Control Act, 1988, and shall come into operation on a date to be fixed by the State President by proclamation in the Gazette.

Schedule

Provisions of laws amended or repealed (Section 26)

No. and year of lawShort titleExtent of amendment or repeal
Act No. 34 of 1934Trust Moneys Protection Act, 1934The repeal of the whole.
Act No. 19 of 1941Attorneys’ Admission Amendment and Legal Practitioners’ Fidelity Fund Act, 1941The substitution for section 5 of the following section:“

5. Obligation upon executors, etc., to provide security incapable of being waived

The obligation to provide security imposed by any law upon executors, [administrators] tutors, curators or trustees in insolvency, shall not be capable of being waived unless the instrument by which they are nominated expressly directs that such security shall be dispensed with or unless a provincial or local division of the Supreme Court of competent jurisdiction on application grants special exemption therefrom.".
Act No. 66 of 1965Administration of Estates Act, 19651.The amendment of section 1—(a)by the deletion of the definitions of "accountant", "administrator" and "letters of administratorship"; and(b)by the insertion of the following definition after the definition of "territory":“‘trustee' means a trustee as defined in section 1 of the Trust Property Control Act, 1988;".2.The amendment of section 4—(a)by the substitution in subsection (1) for the words preceding the proviso of the following words:"In respect of the estate of a deceased person, or of any portion thereof, [or of any property given under the control of any person by a deceased person for the purpose mentioned in section 57] jurisdiction shall lie—
(a)in the case of a deceased person who was, at the date of his death, ordinarily resident within the area of jurisdiction of a provincial division of the Supreme Court, with the Master appointed in respect of that area; and
(b)in the case of a deceased person who was not at that date so resident, with the Master to whom application is made to grant letters of executorship [or letters of administratorship] or to sign and seal any such letters already granted in respect of the estate [or property] concerned:"; and
(b)by the deletion in subsection (4) of the word "administratorship".3.The amendment of section 5 by the substitution for the proviso to subsection (2) of the following proviso:"Provided that—[(a)] any executor, [administrator] trustee, tutor or curator, or his surety, may inspect any such document or cause it to be inspected without payment of any fee [and(b) In the case of a document lodged by an administrator in terms of section 65, the right to inspect and to make or obtain a copy or extract shall be limited to the administrator, his surety and the beneficiaries concerned, or the representative of the administrator or of any such surety or beneficiary].".4.The amendment of section 40—(a)by the substitution for subsection (1) of the following subsection:"
(1)If [an administrator] a trustee has been appointed to administer any property of a deceased person under his will (including in the case of a massed estate any property forming part of the share of the survivor or survivors of that estate which, according to a distribution account, is to be administered by such [administrator] trustee), the executor shall—
(a)deliver to the [administrator] trustee such of the movable property as should, according to the distribution account, be delivered to him;
(b)cause the terms of the will, or a reference thereto, in so far as they relate to the administration, to be endorsed against the title deeds of such of the property as is immovable, and against any mortgage or notarial bond forming part of the property, and deliver the title deeds and any such bond, subject to the provisions of section 41(2), to the [administrator] trustee; and
(c)lodge with the Master the [administrator's] trustee's acquittance for any such movable property, deeds or bond, and a certificate by the registration officer concerned or a conveyancer that such deeds or bond has been endorsed as aforesaid."; and
(b)by the deletion of subsections (2) and (3).5.The repeal of chapter III.6.The amendment of sections 95, 96, 98 and 99 by the deletion of the word "administrator", wherever it occurs.7.The amendment of section 101—(a)by the substitution for subsection (1) of the following subsection:"
(1)A copy certified by the Master of any letters of executorship, [administratorship] tutorship or curatorship lodged with him under section 21, or under the said section read with section [62 or) 74, [as the case may be] or of a copy of any such letters, shall be admissible in evidence as if it were the original letters.";
(b)by the deletion of paragraph (b) of subsection (2); and(c)by the substitution for subsection (3) of the following subsection:"
(3)A certificate under the hand of the Master shall be prima facie proof of any loss referred to in section 23(5) [or in the said subsection as applied by section 63(4)] or in section 77(5), and of any value referred to in section 35(1) or in section 46 or in the last-mentioned section as applied by section [70 or by section] 85.".
8.Amendment of section 102—(a)by the substitution for paragraph (f) of subsection (1) of the following paragraph:"
(f)being an executor [or administrator], willfully distributes any estate [or property] otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of section 35(12), or of the relevant will [or written Instrument operating inter vivos]; or";
(b)by the substitution for paragraph (g) of subsection (1) of the following paragraph:"
(g)contravenes or fails to comply with the provisions of section 9(1) or (3), 13, 27(1) [or of the last-mentioned section as applied by section 70 (2), section], 35 (13), 47, [57, 65(1)] 71, 78, 83, 93(1) or (3), or with any notice under section 9(2) [or any order under section 58 (1), or hinders or obstructs any accountant nominated by the Master in terms of section 65(1)(a) in the execution of his duty]; or";
(c)by the substitution for paragraph (h) of subsection (1) of the following paragraph:"
(h)contravenes or fails to comply with the provisions of section 6(4), section 8(1) or (2), section 11(1), section 26(1) or of the last-mentioned section as applied by section 85, section 28(1), (2) or (3) or of the last-mentioned section as applied by section 12(7) [or by section 70(1)] or by section 85, section 30, section 35(1), or with any direction under section 35(2) or any notice under section 43 (3) or (4) [or of the last-mentioned section as applied by section 66 (2)]; or"; and
(d)by the substitution for paragraph (i) of subsection (1) of the following paragraph:"
(i)contravenes or fails to comply with the provisions of sections 7(1) or (2), section 35(8), section 41(1) [or the last-mentioned section as applied by section 70], section 54(5) or of the last-mentioned section as applied by [section 70(1) or by] section 85, or with any notice under section 7(3) or any direction under section 28(6) or of the last-mentioned section as applied by [section 70(1) or by] section 85, or fails without reasonable excuse to comply with a notice under section 32(1)(b), or, having appeared in answer to such notice, refuses to take the oath or to submit to examination or to answer fully and satisfactorily any lawful question put to him,".
9.The repeal of section 108.10.The substitution for section 109 of the following section:"

109. Short title and commencement

[(1)] This Act shall be called the Administration of Estates Act, 1965, and shall [subject to the provisions of subsection (2)] come into operation upon a date to be fixed by the State President by proclamation in the Gazette.".
11.The substitution for the long title of the following long title:"ACTTo consolidate and amend the law relating to the liquidation and distribution of the estates of deceased persons, the administration [of trust property given under the control of any person by a deceased person, and] of the property of minors and persons under curatorship, and of derelict estates; to regulate the rights of beneficiaries under mutual wills made by any two or more persons; to amend the Mental Disorders Act, 1916; and to provide for incidental matters.".
Act No. 38 of 1984Inspection of Financial Institutions Act, 1984The amendment of section 8 by the substitution for paragraph (a) of the proviso to subsection (1) of the following paragraph:"
(a)any information obtained by the registrar in the course of an inspection under this Act or from a report by an inspector—(i) may be used by the registrar or his staff in connection with any financial institution, person, partnership or company; and(ii) may at the discretion of the registrar be conveyed to the Master of the Supreme Court; and".
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Subsidiary legislation

Title Numbered title
Trust Property Control Act, 1988: Commencement Proclamation R35 of 1989
Trust Property Control Act: Regulations: Amendment Government Notice R1056 of 2009
Trust Property Control Act: Regulations: Amendment Government Notice 1162 of 2017
Trust Property Control Act: Regulations: Amendment Government Notice R3240 of 2023
Trust Property Control Act: Regulations: Amendment Government Notice R4510 of 2024

Cited documents 10

Legislation 10
  1. Building Societies Act, 1986
  2. Companies Act, 2008
  3. Competition Act, 1998
  4. Financial Intelligence Centre Act, 2001
  5. Financial Markets Act, 2012
  6. Insolvency Act, 1936
  7. Mental Health Care Act, 2002
  8. Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act, 2004
  9. Protection of Constitutional Democracy against Terrorist and Related Activities Act, 2004
  10. Tax Administration Act, 2011

Documents citing this one 277

Gazette 132
  1. Eastern Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2016-03-04 number 3618
  2. Eastern Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2019-03-04 number 4200
  3. Gauteng Provincial Gazette dated 2017-05-31 number 125
  4. Gauteng Provincial Gazette dated 2018-07-04 number 179
  5. KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Gazette dated 2005-11-10 number 6442
  6. KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Gazette dated 2007-11-14 number 50
  7. KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Gazette dated 2013-02-21 number 903
  8. KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Gazette dated 2015-05-15 number 1364
  9. KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Gazette dated 2018-06-07 number 1960
  10. KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Gazette dated 2021-08-19 number 2317
  11. KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Gazette dated 2022-08-11 number 2438
  12. KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Gazette dated 2023-07-20 number 2572 part 1
  13. KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Gazette dated 2023-07-27 number 2575 part 1
  14. KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Gazette dated 2023-12-13 number 2632 part 1
  15. South Africa Government Gazette Legal Notices A dated 2005-01-21 number 27169 part C
  16. South Africa Government Gazette Legal Notices A dated 2012-09-21 number 35692 part 1
  17. South Africa Government Gazette Legal Notices A dated 2021-04-16 number 44457 part 1
  18. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 1993-12-17 number 15329
  19. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 1996-05-07 number 17125
  20. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 1996-06-07 number 17233
  21. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 1996-06-28 number 17301
  22. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 1997-03-07 number 17826
  23. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 1997-09-26 number 18286 part 1
  24. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 1998-04-24 number 18854
  25. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 1999-08-06 number 20330
  26. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 1999-11-19 number 20638
  27. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2000-09-15 number 21552
  28. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2000-12-01 number 21810
  29. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2001-12-11 number 22926
  30. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2002-12-20 number 24176
  31. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2003-02-28 number 24382
  32. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2003-11-04 number 25673
  33. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2004-11-12 number 26986
  34. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2006-10-27 number 29320
  35. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2009-11-05 number 32690
  36. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2012-06-01 number 35398 part 1
  37. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2015-11-20 number 39425
  38. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1989-02-10 number 11689
  39. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1993-06-29 number 14899
  40. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1993-12-17 number 15352
  41. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1994-10-07 number 16005
  42. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1996-01-05 number 16908
  43. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1996-09-06 number 17400
  44. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1996-10-02 number 17473
  45. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1996-10-18 number 17497
  46. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1997-04-11 number 17916
  47. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1997-07-11 number 18128
  48. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1997-10-31 number 18384
  49. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1998-04-09 number 18814
  50. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1998-04-17 number 18825
  51. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1998-05-08 number 18868
  52. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1998-05-15 number 18887
  53. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1998-09-23 number 19277
  54. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1999-01-29 number 19700
  55. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1999-08-27 number 20391
  56. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1999-12-17 number 20711
  57. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2000-07-19 number 21388
  58. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2000-12-01 number 21817
  59. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2001-05-10 number 22215
  60. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2001-07-20 number 22485
  61. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2001-11-23 number 22857
  62. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2001-12-03 number 22886
  63. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-03-01 number 23153
  64. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-06-28 number 23253
  65. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-08-14 number 23740
  66. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-08-26 number 23763 part 1
  67. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-09-18 number 23847
  68. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-09-27 number 23868
  69. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-11-15 number 24079
  70. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-12-06 number 24134
  71. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-12-13 number 24167
  72. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-12-13 number 24182
  73. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-01-24 number 24262 part 1
  74. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-14 number 24373
  75. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-18 number 24406
  76. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-27 number 24656
  77. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-28 number 24658
  78. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-28 number 24660
  79. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-28 number 24661
  80. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-03 number 24665
  81. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-03 number 24666
  82. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-03 number 24667
  83. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-04 number 24671
  84. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-05 number 24674
  85. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-03-05 number 24676
  86. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-04-25 number 24756
  87. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2004-03-26 number 26164
  88. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2005-11-25 number 28228
  89. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2006-01-11 number 28391
  90. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2006-04-12 number 28726
  91. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2007-07-13 number 30067
  92. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2007-10-19 number 30380
  93. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2008-05-20 number 31075
  94. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2009-01-28 number 31818
  95. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2009-02-27 number 31956
  96. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2009-10-16 number 32643
  97. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2009-11-06 number 32691
  98. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2010-03-11 number 33011
  99. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2010-11-26 number 33781
  100. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2011-12-08 number 34829
  101. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2013-05-02 number 36425
  102. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2013-06-14 number 36562
  103. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2014-01-16 number 37237
  104. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2014-05-13 number 37638
  105. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2014-08-22 number 37932
  106. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2014-12-12 number 38308
  107. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2016-04-15 number 39933
  108. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2016-04-22 number 39943 part 1
  109. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2016-04-29 number 39960
  110. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2016-12-09 number 40480 part 1
  111. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2017-03-17 number 40697
  112. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2017-08-22 number 41060 part 1
  113. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2017-11-03 number 41224 part 1
  114. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2018-01-18 number 41388 part 1
  115. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2018-09-21 number 41919
  116. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2019-01-23 number 42188
  117. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2019-08-30 number 42669 part 1
  118. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2019-09-16 number 42707
  119. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2019-11-28 number 42865 part 1
  120. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2020-04-03 number 43192 part 1
  121. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2020-06-19 number 43447
  122. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2020-12-11 number 43981 part 1
  123. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-05-28 number 44636 part 1
  124. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-08-27 number 45058 part 1
  125. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2022-11-29 number 47596
  126. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2023-12-22 number 49947
  127. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2012-04-18 number 6983
  128. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2017-04-20 number 7759
  129. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2017-12-07 number 7853
  130. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2021-07-02 number 8458
  131. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2022-06-10 number 8608
  132. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2023-06-30 number 8784
Judgment 133
  1. A M obo V M v Road Accident Fund (2018/29269) [2024] ZAGPJHC 195 (27 February 2024)
  2. A S obo M M v Member of the Executive Council for the Department of Health Eastern Cape Province (605/2020) [2023] ZAECMHC 13 (2 March 2023)
  3. Administrators in Estate Richards v Nichol and Another (620/1996) [1998] ZASCA 82 (25 September 1998)
  4. Adv Du Toit obo J W v Road Accident Fund (50085/2018) [2024] ZAGPPHC 105 (6 February 2024)
  5. Aecom SA (Pty) Ltd v Rustenburg Local Municipality (1341/2017) [2024] ZANWHC 69 (12 March 2024)
  6. Afriforum NPC and Others v Van Der Walt and Others (54318/2021) [2024] ZAGPPHC 2 (16 January 2024)
  7. Aggrived Beneficiaries of Hwashi-Difagate Community Trust v Hwashi-Difagate Community Trust and Others (35050/2021) [2023] ZAGPPHC 836 (1 August 2023)
  8. Avis NO and Another v Avis NO and Another (2023-041644) [2024] ZAGPPHC 273 (6 March 2024)
  9. Beadica 231 CC v Sale’s Hire CC (1191/2018) [2020] ZASCA 76 (30 June 2020)
  10. Bonugli and Another v Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd (266/2011) [2012] ZASCA 48 (30 March 2012)
  11. Botha and Others v Ruthven N.N.O. and Others (29145/2021) [2023] ZAGPPHC 145 (8 March 2023)
  12. Cawood NO obo Bey v Road Accident Fund (5403/2019) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1066 (6 September 2023)
  13. Curators Ad Litem to Certain Potential Beneficiaries of Emma Smith Educational Fund v The University of KwaZulu-Natal and Others (510/2009) [2010] ZASCA 136 (1 October 2010)
  14. De Beer v Master of the South Gauteng High Court and Another (38761/2016) [2017] ZAGPJHC 317 (7 November 2017)
  15. De Freitas and Another v Society of Advocates of Natal and Another (120/1999) [2001] ZASCA 9 (9 March 2001)
  16. De Kock v Griessel NO and Others (50776/16) [2017] ZAGPPHC 130 (23 October 2017)
  17. De Kooker N.N.O. and Others v Snyman (A 5099/2020) [2022] ZAGPJHC 743 (9 September 2022)
  18. Deedat and Others v Master of the Supreme Court, Natal and Others (253/1994) [1994] ZASCA 185 (30 November 1994)
  19. Department of Agriculture Land Reform and Rural Development Northern Cape Province Kimberley v Master of the High Court Kimberley (61/2021) [2023] ZANCHC 51 (18 August 2023)
  20. Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Northern Cape Province, Kimberley v Master of High Court, Kimberley (Leave to Appeal) (61/2021) [2024] ZANCHC 16 (23 February 2024)
  21. Dhlomo N.O. and Others v Chalwa N.O. and Another (8721/23P) [2023] ZAKZPHC 134 (10 November 2023)
  22. Dladla N.N.O. and Others v Lamula N.N.O. and Others (27440/21) [2022] ZAGPPHC 1011 (18 November 2022)
  23. Dlamini obo M S v Road Accident Fund (2021/24199) [2023] ZAGPJHC 472 (12 May 2023)
  24. Du Plessis N. N.O. and Others v Van Niekerk and Others (836/2018) [2018] ZAFSHC 120 (26 June 2018)
  25. Estate Late Hafiz v Hafiz and Others (804/2022) [2023] ZASCA 114 (27 July 2023)
  26. Exclusive Trust Services (Pty) Ltd NO and Another v L S NO and Others (2023 - 014134) [2024] ZAGPJHC 1612 (22 March 2024)
  27. Fesi and Another v Trustees Elect of the Ndabeni Communal Property Trust (411 of 2017; 412 of 2017) [2018] ZASCA 33 (27 March 2018)
  28. Fisher obo T M v Road Accident Fund; In Re: T M v Road Accident Fund (2010 /34001) [2023] ZAGPJHC 137 (14 February 2023)
  29. Fletcher v McNair (1350/2019) [2020] ZASCA 135 (23 October 2020)
  30. Franschhoek Claimants Trust v Executive Mayor Stellenbosch Local Municipality and Others (5057/2022) [2023] ZAWCHC 53 (12 April 2023)
  31. G N v Road Accident Fund (13/30599) [2018] ZAGPJHC 960 (5 December 2018)
  32. G N v Road Accident Fund (30599/13) [2018] ZAGPJHC 971 (4 December 2018)
  33. G S v G J and Others (31558/2021) [2023] ZAGPJHC 106 (10 February 2023)
  34. Genesis Medical Scheme v Registrar of Medical Schemes and Another [2017] ZACC 16 (6 June 2017)
  35. Gondongwe obo G T v Road Accident Fund (32263/2021) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1099 (29 September 2023)
  36. Gowar and Another v Gowar and Others (149/2015) [2016] ZASCA 101 (9 June 2016)
  37. Griessel N.O. and Others v De Kock and Another (334/18) [2019] ZASCA 95 (16 June 2019)
  38. Griffiths v Janse van Rensburg NO (20269/2014) [2015] ZASCA 158 (26 October 2015)
  39. Haitas v Gabriel Francois Van Lingen Froneman and Others (1158/2019) [2021] ZASCA 1 (6 January 2021)
  40. Harvey NO and Others v Crawford NO and Others (1016 of 2017) [2018] ZASCA 147 (17 October 2018)
  41. Holland N.O. v Holland Trust and Others (035385/2022) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1155 (6 October 2023)
  42. Ingonyama Trust v eThekwini Municipality (149/2011) [2012] ZASCA 104 (1 June 2012)
  43. Janse Van Rensburg and Another v Griffiths (2101/2002) [2014] ZAECPEHC 20 (25 March 2014)
  44. Kilbourn v Zwemstra NO and Others (24858/2020) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1263 (14 November 2023)
  45. Killiam NO v Road Accident Fund (73766/16) [2018] ZAGPPHC 311 (13 February 2018)
  46. King NO and Others v De Jager and Others [2021] ZACC 4 (19 February 2021)
  47. Kinnear and Another v Master of the High Court N.O. and Others (36165/2021) [2023] ZAGPPHC 173 (24 March 2023)
  48. Klagsbrun and Another v Raath and Others (38168/16) [2018] ZAGPPHC 569 (10 April 2018)
  49. Kruger v Kruger and Others (96886/15) [2017] ZAGPPHC 18 (8 December 2017)
  50. Kruth v Rall N.N.O. and Others (14625/2021) [2023] ZAWCHC 111 (18 July 2023)
  51. Kuttel v Master of High Court (Western Cape Division) and Others (819/2021) [2022] ZASCA 156 (16 November 2022)
  52. Land and Agricultural Development Bank of SA v Parker and Others (186/2003) [2004] ZASCA 56 (23 September 2004)
  53. Law Society of Northern Provinces v Malange (20371/17) [2018] ZAGPPHC 167 (26 January 2018)
  54. Law Society of Northern Provinces v Malange (20371/17) [2018] ZAGPPHC 533 (26 January 2018)
  55. Law Society of the Cape of Good Hope v Randell (1892/2011) [2015] ZAECGHC 75 (14 August 2015)
  56. Law Society of the Northern Provinces v Mofomme (30695/17) [2018] ZAGPPHC 684 (14 March 2018)
  57. Law Society of the Northern Provinces v Samuels (12992/2017) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1409 (21 December 2023)
  58. Legae obo Chauke v Road Accident Fund (13538/19) [2022] ZAGPPHC 942 (24 June 2022)
  59. Legal Practice Council of South Africa v Mashaba and Another (88175/2018) [2023] ZAGPPHC 117 (27 February 2023)
  60. Legal Practice Council v Ahmed (11940/2023) [2023] ZAWCHC 171 (1 November 2023)
  61. Legal Practice Council v Mkize (13204/2022; 13881/2021) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1050 (8 September 2023)
  62. Legal Practitioners’ Fidelity Fund v Guilherme (702/2022) [2023] ZASCA 96 (13 June 2023)
  63. Liebenberg NO v MGK Bedryfsmaatskappy (Edms) Bpk (61/2001) [2002] ZASCA 116 (25 September 2002)
  64. Limpopo Provincial Council of South African Legal Practice Council v Chueu Incorporated Attorneys and Others (459/2022) [2023] ZASCA 112 (26 July 2023)
  65. Living Hands (Pty) Limited NO and Others v Old Mutual Unit Trust Managers Ltd (42728/10) [2022] ZAGPJHC 456 (12 July 2022)
  66. Living Hands (Pty) Ltd N.N.O. and Others v Old Mutual Unit Trust Managers Ltd and Others (42728 of 2010) [2022] ZAGPJHC 698 (12 July 2022)
  67. Loggenberg and Others v Maree (286 of 2017) [2018] ZASCA 24 (23 March 2018)
  68. Louw v Kondile and Another (64416/2009) [2022] ZAGPPHC 1076 (25 November 2022)
  69. Lucchesi and Another v Pillay N.N.O. and Others (19954/2022) [2023] ZAGPJHC 853 (2 August 2023)
  70. Lupacchini NO and Another v Minister of Safety and Security (16/2010) [2010] ZASCA 108 (17 September 2010)
  71. Luvuno N.O. obo S E v Road Accident Fund (5214/2013) [2023] ZAGPJHC 426 (5 May 2023)
  72. Lynn NO and Another v Coreejes and Another (687/2010) [2011] ZASCA 159 (28 September 2011)
  73. M H obo V H v Road Accident Fund (2020/33986) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1551 (28 August 2023)
  74. M K and Others v I K (360 of 2021) [2022] ZASCA 116 (28 July 2022)
  75. M M obo N M v MEC for Health Gauteng (9257/17) [2022] ZAGPJHC 57 (21 January 2022)
  76. M v M (332 of 2015) [2017] ZASCA 5 (9 March 2017)
  77. Mader and Another v Floxifor Pty Ltd (2021/4131) [2024] ZAGPJHC 52 (23 January 2024)
  78. Magubane obo M S v Road Accident Fund (2019/14487) [2023] ZAGPJHC 585 (26 May 2023)
  79. Mahomed N.O. and Others v Al-Shaik N.O. and Others (2023-007716) [2024] ZAGPJHC 1520 (4 March 2024)
  80. Maja and Others v Trustees for the time being of Reboile Trust (IT2495/2001) and Others (7805/2020) [2022] ZALMPPHC 8 (10 June 2022)
  81. Makgoba and Others v Ledwaba NO and Others (54 of 2018) [2018] ZASCA 181 (4 December 2018)
  82. Malatji v Ledwaba NO and Others (1136/2019) [2021] ZASCA 29 (30 March 2021)
  83. Martin obo N v Road Accident Fund (83732/15) [2017] ZAGPPHC 20 (22 September 2017)
  84. Masithela and Others v Master of High Court Pretoria and Others (60899/2021) [2024] ZAGPPHC 286 (19 March 2024)
  85. Master of High Court v Pretoria Society of Advocates and Others; In Re: Matters involving report and addendum of Master of High Court ito section 96(2) of Administration of Estates Act 66 of 1965; In re: Van Rooyen NO obo Ntzokhe v Road Accident Fund; Raphulu v ROad Accident Fund; Rauenheimer obo Brian v Road Accident Fund; Segoba obo Sekwane and Sekwane v Road Accident Fund; Wentzel v Road Accident Fund (17258; 28304; 35182; 40258/16; 44200) [2022] ZAGPPHC 810 (20 May 2022)
  86. Master of High Court v Pretoria Society of Advocates and Others; In re: Van Rooyen NO obo Ntzokhe v Road Accident Fund; In re: Language NO obo Raphulu v Road Accident Fund; In re: Raubenheimer NO obo Brian v Road Accident Fund; In re: Segoba obo Sekwane and Sekwane v Road Accident Fund; In re: Wentzel v Road Accident Fund (17258/21; 28304/18; 35182/14; 35182/16; 40258/16; 44200/15) [2022] ZAGPPHC 864 (20 May 2022)
  87. Mathye v Absa Trust Ltd and Another (42437/2021) [2022] ZAGPPHC 1157 (1 December 2022)
  88. Mokhele and Another v South African Legal Practice Council ; In re: South African Legal Practice Council v Mokhele and Another (5511/2022) [2023] ZAFSHC 70 (27 March 2023)
  89. Montsioa and Others v eJoburg Retirement Fund and Others (43479 of 2021) [2022] ZAGPJHC 761 (11 October 2022)
  90. Morar NO v Akoo and Another (498/2010) [2011] ZASCA 130 (15 September 2011)
  91. Mthembu obo S Z v Road Accident Fund (81106/2017) [2023] ZAGPPHC 672 (9 June 2023)
  92. NPGS Protection and Security Services CC and Another v FirstRand Bank Ltd (314/2018) [2019] ZASCA 94 (6 June 2019)
  93. National African Federated Chambers of Commerce and Industry, KwaZulu-Natal and Others v NAFCOC : KwaZulu-Natal and Others (1591/20P) [2022] ZAKZPHC 202 (15 December 2022)
  94. Nieuwoudt NO and Another v Vrystaat Mielies (Edms) Bpk (325/2002) [2003] ZASCA 128 (28 November 2003)
  95. Nkotobe and Others v Bengu and Others (580/2014) [2015] ZAECBHC 12 (15 May 2015)
  96. Noome and Others v Botha N.O and Others (4405/2021) [2022] ZAFSHC 44 (23 May 2022)
  97. P F v S F (788 of 2020) [2022] ZASCA 101 (22 June 2022)
  98. Parikh and Others v Road Accident Fund (46082/2018) [2022] ZAGPJHC 755 (23 September 2022)
  99. Parker v Forsyth N.O. and Others (1585/20) [2023] ZAGPRD 1 (29 June 2023)
  100. Plaatjies v Meintjies and Another (A81/2022) [2022] ZAWCHC 140 (19 September 2022)
  101. Potgieter v Potgieter NO and Others (629/2010) [2011] ZASCA 181 (30 September 2011)
  102. Price and Another v Kaplan NO and Others (44937/19) [2022] ZAGPPHC 854 (14 June 2022)
  103. Prinsloo and Others v S (827/2011) [2015] ZASCA 207 (4 December 2015)
  104. Raath v Nel (473/2011) [2012] ZASCA 86 (31 May 2012)
  105. Ras NO and Others v Van der Meulen and Another (635/2009) [2010] ZASCA 163 (1 December 2010)
  106. S N obo S M v MEC for Health and Social Development of the Gauteng Provincial Government (Y69426/2019) [2023] ZAGPPHC 921 (16 August 2023)
  107. Sami Tissue Products (Pty) Ltd v Mfuleni Local Municipality and Another (18020/2022) [2022] ZAGPJHC 562 (22 August 2022)
  108. Schoonbee NO and Others v Wohlkinger and Others (2022/23317) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1402 (21 November 2023)
  109. Shepstone & Wylie Attorneys v Abraham Johannes De Witt NNO and Others (1270/2021) [2023] ZASCA 74 (26 May 2023)
  110. Silinda NO and Others v Makhubela and Others (57206/10) [2017] ZAGPPHC 99 (16 November 2017)
  111. Siyaduma and Others v Minister of Public Works and Others (26921/18) [2018] ZAGPPHC 492 (7 May 2018)
  112. South African Legal Council v Matsi and Another (078312/2023) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1244 (30 August 2023)
  113. South African Legal Practice Council v Harper and Another (51846/21) [2021] ZAGPJHC 435 (21 December 2021)
  114. South African Legal Practice Council v Masingi (2023-077988) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1060 (13 September 2023)
  115. South African Legal Practice Council v Mokoana (32103/20) [2023] ZAGPPHC 139 (9 March 2023)
  116. South African Legal Practice Council v Teffo (10991/21) [2022] ZAGPPHC 629 (16 September 2022)
  117. Standard Bank of South Africa Limited v Swanepoel NO (20062/2014) [2015] ZASCA 71 (22 May 2015)
  118. The Citizen 1978 (Pty) Ltd and Others v McBride [2011] ZACC 11 (8 April 2011)
  119. Theodorellis v Theodorellis NNO and Others (1916/2023) [2023] ZAFSHC 107 (2 June 2023)
  120. Toise v Trustees for the Time Being of the Blaauwkrantz Employees Trust and Others (1883/2020) [2023] ZAECGHC 17 (7 March 2023)
  121. Tshaka NO and Others v Standard Bank of South Africa Limited and Another (141/2019) [2020] ZASCA 73 (25 June 2020)
  122. Tshalet v Mosungwa and Another; In re: Tshalite (11881/21) [2022] ZAGPJHC 254 (3 May 2022)
  123. Van As NO and Others v Jacobs NO and Others (54121/2019) [2024] ZAGPPHC 300 (27 March 2024)
  124. Van Graan N.N.O. and Others v Waisman N.O. and Others (2509/2022) [2023] ZAECPEHC 14 (21 February 2023)
  125. Van Vuuren v Road Accident Fund (179 of 2018) [2022] ZAGPJHC 648 (9 September 2022)
  126. Van der Merwe N.O. v Road Accident Fund (2019/43653) [2023] ZAGPJHC 139 (27 February 2023)
  127. Venter N.O. and Another v Astfin (SA) (Pty) Ltd N.N.O. and Others (2021/25209) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1015 (8 September 2023)
  128. Vlok NO and Another v Botha and Others (30836/16) [2017] ZAGPPHC 60 (14 December 2017)
  129. Vorster N.O. v Buthelezi N.N.O. and Others (10754/2022P) [2023] ZAKZPHC 113 (13 October 2023)
  130. WT and Others v KT (933/2013) [2015] ZASCA 9 (13 March 2015)
  131. Wasserman Bate Trust and Another v Premier, Free State Provincial Government (384/2003) [2004] ZASCA 88 (29 September 2004)
  132. Yarram Trading CC t/a Tijuana Spur v Absa Bank Ltd (625/2005) [2006] ZASCA 132 (30 November 2006)
  133. Zoviflo (Pty) Ltd v Prokas and Others (010253/2023) [2023] ZAGPJHC 920 (15 August 2023)
Law Reform Report 1
  1. Investigation into Legal Fees - Including Access to Justice and Other Interventions - Project 142
Legislation 11
  1. Collective Investment Schemes Control Act, 2002
  2. Consumer Protection Act, 2008
  3. Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Act, 2002
  4. Financial Institutions (Protection of Funds) Act, 2001
  5. Financial Intelligence Centre Act, 2001
  6. Financial Sector Regulation Act, 2017
  7. KwaZulu-Natal Zulu Royal House Trust Act, 2018
  8. Money Laundering Control Regulations, 2002
  9. Pension Funds Act, 1956
  10. Regulations Relating to the Financial Governance of Health Facility Boards and Committees, 2017
  11. Rules of the Post Office Retirement Fund, 2005