Civil procedure – Intervention (Rule 12) – Direct and substantial interest; Urgent ex parte relief (Rule 6) – duty of full and frank disclosure (uberrima fides); Reconsideration under Rule 6(12)(c) – limits and relation to intervention; Trusts – beneficiaries’ interests and trustees’ remedies; Res judicata/functus officio – impermissible collateral attack on final judgment; Beningfield exception – scope and limits; Curator/curatrix ad litem – investigatory role v litigant status; Costs – punitive attorney-and-client scale for non-disclosure and abuse of process.

Forfeiture – POCA s 53(3) rescission – peremptory 20‑day rule and condonation principles (Melane) – motion practice – three‑set rule; confirmatory affidavits; commissioning and Regulation 4(1) compliance – inadmissibility and hearsay – absence of material deponent affidavit.

Contract — price‑adjustment clause — unilateral discretion after consultation — arbitrio boni viri (objective reasonableness) — timing/reasonable exercise — consultation must be meaningful — scope excludes extraordinary force majeure/abnormal Covid‑19 market conditions — Fairtrade entitlements to be excluded from adjustment.

Constitutional law – section 172(1)(b) remedies – invalid public procurement – entitlement to profit vs reimbursement of proven expenditure – judicial exercise of remedial discretion – appellate review standard – urgency does not displace procurement rules.

Civil procedure — Amendment of pleadings — Application to add alternative legality (administrative law) review at late stage — Whether constitutes new cause of action — Delay and condonation in legality reviews — Principles from Constitutional Court (Buffalo City, Gijima) applicable to Special Tribunal — SIU Act permits damages claims in Special Tribunal.

POCA s40(a) — meaning of "pending" — whether issuance only or issuance plus service within 90 days required; preservation orders; in rem forfeiture proceedings; service and notice requirements; property-rights and constitutional safeguards.

Community Schemes Ombud Service Act — s 39(1)(c) and (e) — power to declare contributions unreasonable — constitutional validity, scope and limits; administrative law — review for irrationality, failure to consider relevant evidence and omission to decide issues; membership of homeowners’ association — effect of title conditions, settlement agreement and articles; interest on arrears — contractual vs prescribed rates; costs de bonis propriis for unnecessary record inclusion.

Companies Act — s61(3) requisitioned shareholders’ meeting — board obliged to convene; s65(4) explanatory material and challenge under s65(5) — failure to seek interim relief bars later attack; s71(1) removal of director by ordinary resolution — proprietary shareholder right not requiring good faith; shareholders’ agreement trumps majority appointment where nomination rights reserved; simulated transaction — notarial bond may be prima facie simulated; interim interdict to preserve company assets pending trial; minority shareholder locus standi to protect shareholding value.

Administrative law — PAJA review — material error of law and fact — statutory interpretation of s 43 ECA — obligation to lease rests on provider, not seeker — relevance of common‑law accession and possession (Dennegeur) — substitution under PAJA s 8(1)(c)(ii)(aa).

Rescission of default judgment; reasonable explanation for default; reliance on legal advice; wilful default not an absolute bar; bona fide defence with prospects of success; Special Tribunal jurisdiction to set aside labour settlement agreements.