Costs—general rule that costs follow the result—Biowatch/Affordable Medicines principle in constitutional litigation—exceptions (vexatious, frivolous, mala fide, manifestly inappropriate)—judicial exercise of discretion—state to pay costs when unsuccessful in constitutional claims—access to water rights.

Civil procedure – Court orders – Obligation to comply with orders – Inherent power to strike out pleadings for non-compliance – Striking out a defence is a drastic, exceptional remedy – Balancing enforcement of procedural discipline against resolving disputes on merits – Rule 37 pre-trial conference.

Administrative law – urgent interim interdict pending review of tender award – non-joinder of successful bidders – B-BBEE affidavit formal compliance – prima facie right vs irreparable harm – balance of convenience – costs (two counsel).

Companies Act (Chapter 6) – business rescue – publication of plan pre-adoption – interim interdict to suspend s 151 meeting pending determination of disputed claims and voting interests; Joinder v notice – creditors’ joinder not required pre-adoption; Proof of claims and voting rights – role of practitioner vs court review; Procedure – rule 6(12)(c) reconsideration de novo; Rule 63 — virtual commissioning and authentication of foreign affidavits; Remedies — review/ declaratory relief insufficient alone to preserve status quo without interdict.

Procurement law – Section 217 Constitution – fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost‑effective procurement; Panels and framework agreements – scope and limits under SCM Regulations and municipal SCM policy; Preferential procurement – 80/20 and 90/10 price adjudication requirements; PAJA review grounds – procedural unfairness, arbitrariness, failure to follow mandatory procedures; Splitting of contracts and transaction value aggregation; Remedies – setting aside appointments and contracts, interim directions, costs.

Bail pending appeal – Schedule 6 offence – s 60(11)(a) exceptional circumstances required – s 65(4) deference to lower court’s discretion – single witness evidence and cautionary approach – prospects of success and abscondment risk where life sentence likely.

Procedure — Appealability of jurisdictional rulings — Zweni criteria (finality, definitiveness, disposal) — Rule 43 interlocutory relief — Family law — Application of Divorce Act (as amended) to Muslim marriages — Talaq does not preclude Rule 43 relief — Interpretation of "spouse" purposively — Parties may not contract out of statutory protections — Amicus curiae: late Rule 16A application refused.

Civil procedure – leave to appeal – mandatory interdict – availability of alternative remedies under PAIA – third‑party interests; distinguishing precedent authorities.

Civil procedure – Leave to appeal – Section 17 Superior Courts Act – reasonable prospects and compelling reasons; Admissibility and weight of Master’s report; Duties of executrix – compliance with Master’s queries; Repayment of funds to estate where payment preceded acknowledgement of debt.

Eviction — stay pending action where genuine disputes of fact; acquisitive prescription — effect of s171(quat) Local Government Ordinance; ius retentionis/lien for improvements; abstract theory of transfer; motion proceedings vs trial; demolition of disputed improvements not competent on affidavit.