Sexual Offences Act, 1957

Act 23 of 1957

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Sexual Offences Act, 1957

Citation

Act 23 of 1957

Date

Language

English

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Legislation subject areas
- Human Rights
- Peace and Security

Sexual Offences Act, 1957

Act 23 of 1957

Published in Government Gazette 5853 on 12 April 1957
Assented to on 3 April 1957
Commenced on 12 April 1957
[This is the version of this document as it was from 1 December 1993 to 15 December 2007.]

[Amended by Immorality Amendment Act, 1967 (Act 68 of 1967) on 1 June 1967]
[Amended by Immorality Amendment Act, 1969 (Act 57 of 1969) on 21 May 1969]
[Amended by Immorality and Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Amendment Act, 1985 (Act 72 of 1985) on 19 June 1985]
[Amended by Immorality Amendment Act, 1988 (Act 2 of 1988) on 4 March 1988]
[Amended by Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1992 (Act 4 of 1992) on 11 March 1992]
[Amended by General Law Amendment Act, 1992 (Act 139 of 1992) on 7 August 1992]
[Amended by General Law Fourth Amendment Act, 1993 (Act 132 of 1993) on 1 December 1993]

[short title, previously Immorality Act, substituted by section 10 of Act 2 of 1988][English text signed by the Governor-General.]ACTTo consolidate and amend the laws relating to brothels and unlawful carnal intercourse and other acts in relation thereto.BE IT ENACTED by the Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty, the Senate and the House of Assembly of the Union of South Africa, as follows:—

1. Definitions

In this Act, unless the context otherwise indicates—"brothel" includes any house or place kept or used for purposes of prostitution or for persons to visit for the purpose of having unlawful carnal intercourse or for any other lewd or indecent purpose;"coloured person" [definition of "coloured person" deleted by section 1(a) of Act 72 of 1985]"court" means the court before which the charge is brought;[definition of "court" substituted by section 1 of Act 2 of 1988]"house" includes a dwelling-house, building, room, out-house, shed or tent or any part thereof;"owner" includes any person who lets or sub-lets or permits the occupation of any house or place whether in his own right or that of another;"place" includes any field, enclosure, space, vehicle, or boat or any part thereof;"police officer" means any member of any police force established under the authority of any law;"unlawful carnal intercourse" means carnal intercourse otherwise than between husband and wife;"white person" [definition of "white person" deleted by section 1(b) of Act 72 of 1985]

2. Keeping a brothel

Any person who keeps a brothel shall be guilty of an offence.

3. Certain persons deemed to keep a brothel

The following persons shall for the purposes of section two be deemed to keep a brothel:

(a)any person who resides in a brothel unless he or she proves that he or she was ignorant of the character of the house or place;

(b)any person who manages or assists in the management of any brothel;

(c)any person who knowingly receives the whole or any share of any moneys taken in a brothel;

(d)any person who, being the tenant or occupier of any house or place, knowingly permits the same to be used as a brothel;

(e)any person who, being the owner of any house or place, lets the same, or allows the same to be let, or to continue to be let, with the knowledge that such house or place is to be kept or used or is being kept or used as a brothel;

(f)any person found in a brothel who refuses to disclose the name and identity of the keeper or manager thereof;[paragraph (f) amended by section 5 of Act 139 of 1992]

(g)any person whose spouse keeps or resides in or manages or assists in the management of a brothel unless such person proves that he or she was ignorant thereof or that he or she lives apart from the said spouse and did not receive the whole or any share of the moneys taken therein.[paragraph (g) substituted by section 11 of Act 132 of 1993]

4. Onus of proof

In prosecutions under this Act the onus of proving that a house or place is to be kept or used or is being kept or used as a brothel to the knowledge of the owner shall be On the prosecution: Provided that—

(a)if it is established to the satisfaction of the court that, having regard to the locality and accommodation, the rent to be paid or paid for the house or place is exorbitant, the onus shall be on the accused to prove that he was ignorant that such house or place is to be kept or used or was kept or used as a brothel;

(b)proof of written notice having been given to the owner by a police officer not below the rank of sergeant or by two householders living in the vicinity of the house or place that any house or place is being kept or used as a brothel, shall be conclusive proof of knowledge on his part.

5. Contract to let house or place for a brothel void

Any contract to let any house or place to be kept or used as a brothel shall be null and void.

6. Use of house or place as a brothel avoids contract of letting

Any contract of letting and hiring of any house or place which subsequently to the making of such contract becomes a brothel shall as from the date of such event be determined and become null and void: Provided that upon proof by the owner of his ignorance that the house or place was so kept or used he shall be entitled to recover the rent up to the date upon which he became aware that the house or place was being kept or used as a brothel.

7. Summary ejectment when a house or place is used as a brothel

The owner of any house or place kept or used as a brothel shall be entitled to apply to the magistrate of the district in which such house or place is situated for the summary ejectment of any person who may be keeping or using such house or place as a brothel and such magistrate shall be entitled after enquiry to order the summary ejectment of such person.

8. Proceedings upon complaint by householders or police that a house or place is used as a brothel

(1)If it appears to any magistrate on sworn information laid before him by not less than two householders of good repute that any house or place in the vicinity of the dwellings of such householders is being kept or used as a brothel or on similar information upon oath laid before him by any police officer not below the rank of sergeant, or by a welfare officer employed by a department of state responsible for Health and Welfare, a local authority or a welfare organization registered under the National Welfare Act, 1978 (Act No. 100 of 1978), the magistrate may—

(a)issue a warrant for the arrest of the person alleged to be the keeper of such brothel; or

(b)issue a warrant authorizing any police officer not below the rank of sergeant—

(i)to enter at any time and within such period as shall be stated in such warrant, such house or place for the purpose of ascertaining the name and identity of the keeper of such house or place;

(ii)to interrogate, and to demand the name and address of any person found in or upon such house or place; and

(iii)to demand, search for, and seize any account book, receipt, paper, document or thing likely to afford evidence of the commission by any person of an offence under this Act.

[subsection (1) amended by section 2(a) of Act 2 of 1988]

(2)Any person found in or upon such house or place who, when called upon to do so by the police officer conducting the search, refuses to furnish his name and address or furnishes a name or address which is false in any material particular or refuses to disclose the name or identity of the keeper of such house or place or to produce any book, receipt, paper, document or thing which he has in his possession or custody or under his control, shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding R1 000 and in default of payment to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months.[subsection (2) substituted by section 1 of Act 68 of 1967 and by section 2(b) of Act 2 of 1988]

(3)The issue of a warrant under paragraph (a) of sub-section (1) shall not in any way affect the power of the magistrate to issue at any time a warrant under paragraph (a) of sub-section (1) or under any other law.

9. Parent or guardian procuring defilement of child or ward

(1)Any person who, being a parent or guardian of any child under the age of 18 years—

(a)permits, procures or attempts to procure such child to have unlawful carnal intercourse, or to commit any immoral or indecent act, with any person other than the procurer, or to reside in or to frequent a brothel; or

(b)orders, permits, or in any way assists in bringing about, or receives any consideration for, the defilement, seduction or prostitution of such child,

shall be guilty of an offence.[subsection (1) substituted by section 3(a) of Act 2 of 1988]

(1A)For the purposes of subsection (1)(b) a parent or guardian whose child has been defiled or seduced or has become a prostitute, shall be deemed to have assisted in bringing about that defilement, seduction or prostitution if he has knowingly permitted his child to consort with, or to continue in the employment of, a prostitute or a person with an immoral reputation.[subsection (1A) inserted by section 3(a) of Act 2 of 1988]

(2)The term "guardian" in this section includes any person who has in law or in fact the custody or control of the child.[subsection (2) substituted by section 3(b) of Act 2 of 1988]

10. Procuration

Any person who—

(a)procures or attempts to procure any female to have unlawful carnal intercourse with any person other than the procurer or in any way assists in bringing about such intercourse; or

(b)inveigles or entices any female to a brothel for the purpose of unlawful carnal intercourse or prostitution or conceals in any such house or place any female so inveigled or enticed; or

(c)procures or attempts to procure any female to become a common prostitute; or

(d)procures or attempts to procure any female to become an inmate of a brothel; or

(e)applies, administers to or to be taken by any female any drug, intoxicating liquor, matter or thing with intent to stupefy or overpower her so as thereby to enable any person other than the procurer to have unlawful carnal intercourse with such female,

shall be guilty of an offence.

11. Conspiracy to defile

Any person who conspires with any other person to induce any female by any false pretence or other fraudulent means to allow any male to have unlawful carnal intercourse with her, shall be guilty of an offence.

12. Detention for purposes of unlawful carnal intercourse

(1)Any person who takes or detains any female against her will—

(a)to or in or upon any house or place with intent that she may be unlawfully carnally known by any male, whether a particular male or not; or

(b)to or in a brothel,

shall be guilty of an offence.

(2)Where a female is in or upon any house or place for the purpose that she may be unlawfully carnally known by any male, whether a particular male or not, or is in any brothel, she shall for the purposes of this section be deemed to have been taken thereto or to be detained therein or thereon against her will—

(a)if she is under the age of sixteen years; or

(b)if she, being of or above the age of sixteen years and under the age of twenty-one years, was taken or is detained against her will or against the will of her father or mother, or any person having the lawful care or charge of her.

(3)Any person shall be deemed to detain a female in or upon any house or place or in a brothel if, with intent to compel or induce her to remain in or upon such house or place or in such brothel, such person withholds from her any wearing apparel or other property to the possession of which she is entitled or which has been lent or supplied to her by such person or for the purposes of prostitution; and any such female shall be justified in taking away such wearing apparel as is necessary to enable her to leave such house or place or brothel.

12A. Assistance for purposes of unlawful carnal intercourse

(1)Any person who, with intent or while he reasonably ought to have foreseen the possibility that any person may have unlawful carnal intercourse, or commit an act of indecency, with any other person for reward, performs for reward any act which is calculated to enable such other person to communicate with any such person, shall be guilty of an offence.[subsection (1) substituted by section 4(a) of Act 2 of 1988]

(2)[subsection (2) deleted by section 4(b) of Act 2 of 1988]

[section 12A inserted by section 2 of Act 68 of 1967]

13. Abduction

(1)Any person who takes or detains or causes to be taken or detained any unmarried male or female under the age of twenty-one years out of the custody and against the will of his or her father or mother or guardian, with intent that such person or any other person, whether a particular person or not may have unlawful carnal intercourse with such unmarried male or female, shall be guilty of an offence.

(2)The term "guardian" in this section includes any person who has in law or in fact the custody or control of the unmarried male or female.

14. Sexual offences with youths

(1)Any male person who—

(a)has or attempts to have unlawful carnal intercourse with a girl under the age of 16 years; or

(b)commits or attempts to commit with such a girl or with a boy under the age of 19 years an immoral or indecent act; or

(c)solicits or entices such a girl or boy to the commission of an immoral or indecent act,

shall be guilty of an offence.

(2)It shall be a sufficient defence to any charge under subsection (1) if it shall be made to appear to the court—

(a)that the girl at the time of the commission of the offence was a prostitute, that the person so charged was at the said time under the age of 21 years and that it is the first occasion on which he is so charged; or

(b)[paragraph (b) deleted by section 5 of Act 2 of 1988]

(bA)[paragraph (bA) deleted by section 5 of Act 2 of 1988]

(c)that the girl or person in whose charge she was, deceived the person so charged into believing that she was over the age of 16 years at the said time.

(3)Any female who—

(a)has or attempts to have unlawful carnal intercourse with a boy under the age of 16 years; or

(b)commits or attempts to commit with such a boy of with a girl under the age of 19 years an immoral or indecent act; or

(c)solicits or entices such a boy or girl to the commission of an immoral or indecent act,

shall be guilty of an offence.

(4)It shall be a sufficient defence to any charge under subsection (3) if it shall be made to appear to the court—

(a)that the boy at the time of the commission of the offence was a prostitute, that the person so charged was at the said time under the age of 21 years and that it is the first occasion on which she is so charged; or

(b)that the boy or person in whose charge he was, deceived the person so charged into believing that he was over the age of 16 years at the said time.

[section 14 substituted by section 1 of Act 57 of 1969 and by section 5 of Act 2 of 1988]

15. Sexual offences with idiots or imbeciles

Any person who—

(a)has or attempts to have unlawful carnal intercourse with any male or female idiot or imbecile in circumstances which do not amount to rape; or

(b)commits or attempts to commit with such a male or female any immoral or indecent act; or

(c)solicits or entices such a male or female to the commission of any immoral or indecent act,

shall, if it be proved that such person knew that such male or female was an idiot or imbecile, be guilty of an offence.[section 15 substituted by section 6 of Act 2 of 1988]

16. ***

[section 16 repealed by section 2 of Act 72 of 1985]

17. Owner or occupier permitting on his premises the defilement of a female or any offence against this Act

Any person who being the owner or occupier of any house or place or having or acting or assisting in the management or control thereof knowingly permits the use of such house or place for the purpose of any offence against any provision of this Act, shall be guilty of an offence.

18. Use of drugs, etc., for purposes of defilement of females

Any person who applies, administers to or causes to be taken by any female any drug, intoxicating liquor, matter or thing with intent to stupefy or overpower her so as thereby to enable him to have unlawful carnal intercourse with her, shall be guilty of an offence.

18A. Manufacture, sale or supply of article which is intended to be used to perform an unnatural sexual act

(1)Any person who manufactures, sells or supplies any article which is intended to be used to perform an unnatural sexual act, shall be guilty of an offence.

(2)For the purposes of subsection (1), 'sell' includes to offer for the sale, to keep for sale or to keep in a place where goods are sold, offered or kept for sale.

[section 18A inserted by section 2 of Act 57 of 1969]

19. Enticing to commission of immoral acts

Any person who—

(a)entices, solicits, or importunes in any public place for immoral purposes; or

(b)wilfully and openly exhibits himself or herself in an indecent dress or manner at any door or window or within view of any public street or place or in any place to which the public have access,

shall be guilty of an offence.

20. Persons living on earnings of prostitution or committing or assisting in commission of indecent acts

(1)Any person who—

(a)knowingly lives wholly or in part on the earnings of prostitution; or

(aA)has unlawful carnal intercourse, or commits an act of indecency, with any other person for reward; or[paragraph (aA) inserted by section 7(a) of Act 2 of 1988]

(b)in public commits any act of indecency with another person; or

(c)in public or in private in any way assists in bringing about, or receives any consideration for, the commission by any person of any act of indecency with another person,

shall be guilty of an offence.

(2)If it is made to appear to a magistrate by information on oath that there is reason to suspect that any house is used for purposes of prostitution and that any person residing in or frequenting the house is living wholly or in part on the earning of prostitution, the magistrate may issue a warrant authorizing any police officer not below the rank of sergeant to enter and search the house and to arrest that person.[subsection (2) substituted by section 7(b) of Act 2 of 1988]

20A. Acts committed between men at a party and which are calculated to stimulate sexual passion or to give sexual gratification, prohibited

(1)A male person who commits with another male person at a party any act which is calculated to stimulate sexual passion or to give sexual gratification, shall be guilty of an offence.

(2)For the purposes of subsection (1) 'a party' means any occasion where more than two persons are present.

(3)The provisions of subsection (1) do not derogate from the common law, any other provision of this Act or a provision of any other law.

[section 20A inserted by section 3 of Act 57 of 1969]

21. Presumptions

(1)Whenever in any prosecution under this Act the question is in issue whether any carnal intercourse between a male and a female was unlawful, such male and female shall be deemed to have been unmarried at the time of such intercourse unless the accused proves the contrary.

(2)[subsection (2) repealed by section 3 of Act 72 of 1985]

(3)Whenever in any prosecution under this Act a person is proved to reside in a brothel or to live with or to be habitually in the company of a prostitute and has no visible means of subsistence, such person shall, unless he or she satisfies the court to the contrary, be deemed to be knowingly living wholly or in part on the earnings of prostitution.

(4)Whenever in any prosecution for an offence under section 12A it is proved—

(a)that the accused has performed any act for reward which was calculated to enable any person to communicate with any other person who is a prostitute; or

(b)that the other person with whom communication was made as a result of such act has had unlawful carnal intercourse, or has committed an act of indecency, with such person for reward,

the accused shall be presumed to have performed such act with intent or while he reasonably ought to have foreseen the possibility that such other person may have unlawful carnal intercourse, or commit an act of indecency, with such person for reward unless the contrary is proved beyond reasonable doubt.[subsection (4) added by section 3 of Act 68 of 1967 and substituted by section 8 of Act 2 of 1988 ]

22. Penalties

Any person who is convicted of an offence under the provisions of this Act for which no special penalty is prescribed, shall be liable—

(a)in the case of an offence referred to in section 2 or 20(1)(a) or (aA), to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three years with or without a fine not exceeding R6 000 in addition to such imprisonment;[paragraph (a) substituted by section 4(a) of Act 72 of 1985 and by section 9(a) of Act 2 of 1988]

(b)in the case of an offence referred to in section 9(1), to imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years, or, if the child concerned is a boy under the age of 14 years or a girl under the age of 12 years, for life;[paragraph (b) substituted by section 9(b) of Act 2 of 1988]

(c)[paragraph (c) substituted by section 4(b) of Act 72 of 1985, section 9(c) of Act 2 of 1988 and deleted by section 2(a) of Act 4 of 1992]

(d)in the case of an offence referred to in section 11, 12A or 18, with a fine, or imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years;[paragraph (d) substituted by section 2(b) of Act 4 of 1992]

(e)in the case of an offence referred to in section 10, 12(1) or 13(1), to imprisonment for a period not exceeding seven years;[paragraph (e) substituted by section 4(c) of Act 72 of 1985 and section 2(b) of Act 4 of 1992]

(f)in the case of an offence referred to in section 14(1), 14(3), 15 or 17, to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six years with or without a fine not exceeding R12 000 in addition to such imprisonment;[paragraph (f) substituted by section 9(d) of Act 2 of 1988]

(g)in the case of an offence referred to in section 18A, 19, 20(1)(b) or (c), or 20A(1), to a fine not exceeding R4 000 or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years or to both such fine and such imprisonment.[paragraph (g) substituted by section 4 of Act 57 of 1969 and by section 9(e) of Act 2 of 1988]

[section 22 substituted by section 4 of Act 68 of 1967]

23. Repeal of laws

The laws specified in the Schedule are hereby repealed to the extent set out in the fourth column of that Schedule.

24. ***

[section 24 repealed by section 6 of Act 139 of 1992]

25. Short title

This Act shall be called the Sexual Offences Act, 1957.[section 25 substituted by section 10 of Act 2 of 1988]

Schedule (Section 23)

Province or Union	No. and year of law	Short title or subject of law	Extent of repeal
Cape	Act No. 25 of 1893.	The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1893.	So much as is un-repealed.
"	Act No. 36 of 1902.	The Betting Houses, Gaming Houses and Brothels Suppression Act, 1902.	Sections 22 to 36 inclusive.
Transvaal	Ordinance No. 46 of 1903.	The Immorality Ordinance, 1903.	So much as is un-repealed.
Orange Free State	Ordinance No. 11 of 1903.	The Suppression of Brothels and Immorality Ordinance, 1903.	So much as is un-repealed.
"	Act No. 19 of 1908.	The Suppression of Brothels and Immorality Amendment Act, 1908.	The whole.
Natal	Act No. 31 of 1903.	The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1903.	The whole.
Union	Act No. 3 of 1916.	The Girls’ and Mentally Defective Women Protection Act, 1916.	The whole.
"	Act No. 5 of 1927.	The Immorality Act, 1927.	The whole.
"	Act No. 21 of 1950.	The Immorality Amendment Act, 1950.	The whole.
"	Act No. 62 of 1955.	The General Law Amendment Act, 1955.	Section 15.

History of this document

16 December 2007 amendment not yet applied

Amended by Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007

01 December 1993 this version

Amended by General Law Fourth Amendment Act, 1993

07 August 1992

Amended by General Law Amendment Act, 1992

Read this version

11 March 1992

Amended by Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1992

Read this version

04 March 1988

Amended by Immorality Amendment Act, 1988

Read this version

19 June 1985

Amended by Immorality and Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Amendment Act, 1985

Read this version

21 May 1969

Amended by Immorality Amendment Act, 1969

Read this version

01 June 1967

Amended by Immorality Amendment Act, 1967

Read this version

12 April 1957

Published in Government Gazette 5853

Commenced

Read this version

03 April 1957

Assented to

Cited documents 1

Act

General Law Amendment Act, 1955

Documents citing this one 99

Judgment

S v Vilakazi (576/2007) [2008] ZASCA 87 (3 September 2008)

Reported

Life sentence for rape of under‑16 held disproportionate; Malgas/Dodo proportionality test requires full case-specific assessment.

Criminal law – Rape where victim under 16 – Mandatory minimums under Criminal Law Amendment Act – Application of Malgas/Dodo determinative test for substantial and compelling circumstances – High Court misdirections (age, medical history) – Conviction upheld on evidence of non-consent and mens rea – Sentencing: life disproportionate; substituted 15 years with pre-trial detention credit.

Phillips and Others v National Director of Public Prosecutions [2005] ZACC 15 (7 October 2005)

Reported

Whether a High Court may rescind a statutory restraint order on inherent/common-law grounds beyond the Act’s specified grounds.

Constitutional and statutory interpretation — Restraint orders under Prevention of Organised Crime Act — Whether section 26(10) limits rescission/variation to listed grounds — Role and limits of High Court inherent powers (s 173) — Pleading and raising constitutional challenges in lower courts — Interaction of curator bonis powers (s 28) with restraint orders.

National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality and Another v Minister of Justice and Others [1998] ZACC 15 (9 October 1998)

Reported

Criminalisation of consensual private male sodomy breaches equality, dignity and privacy; related statutes invalidated.

Constitutional law — Equality (sexual orientation) — Criminalisation of consensual private male sodomy violates equality, dignity and privacy; s20A Sexual Offences Act and statutory listings invalid; limited retrospective relief and judicial discretion for statutory consequences.

Tshabalala v S ; Ntuli v S (CCT 323/18; CCT 69/19) [2019] ZACC 48 (11 December 2019)

Reported

Common-purpose liability applies to common-law rape; the instrumentality argument excluding co-perpetrators is rejected.

* Criminal law – Doctrine of common purpose – Applicability to common-law rape – Prior agreement or active association may impute conduct of one co-perpetrator to others when within common design. * Criminal law – Instrumentality argument rejected – No principled basis to exclude rape from common-purpose liability; rooted in patriarchal assumptions. * Constitutional development – Common law and statutory evolution (SORMA) and international obligations relevant to protecting victims of gender-based violence. * Evidence – Imputation of conduct in joint enterprises; no separate causation requirement for each participant in consequence crimes when common purpose proved.

Sanderson v Attorney-General, Eastern Cape [1997] ZACC 18 (2 December 1997)

Reported

A 23‑month pre‑trial delay causing social but not trial prejudice did not justify a permanent stay; High Court costs order set aside.

Constitutional law – fair trial: right to trial within a reasonable time (s 25(3)(a)) – meaning of "charged" – scope includes remand/arraignment – right protects liberty, social (stigma, occupational, anxiety) and trial-related prejudice – reasonableness assessed by flexible balancing test (length, reasons including systemic, assertion, prejudice) – permanent stay an extraordinary remedy reserved for significant trial prejudice – costs against bona fide constitutional litigant reversed.

Case and Another v Minister of Safety and Security and Others ; Curtis v Minister of Safety and Security and Others [1996] ZACC 7 (9 May 1996)

Reported

Section 2(1) of the 1967 Act invalidated as an overbroad, unconstitutional restriction of privacy and expression.

Constitutional law — freedom of expression (s15) — protection includes right to receive, hold and possess expressive material; obscenity legislation — overbreadth and vagueness — statutory definition of “indecent or obscene photographic matter” unconstitutional; limitations clause (s33) — proportionality and reasonableness; remedies — severance and reading‑down rejected; declaration of invalidity with immediate effect.

Savoi and Others v National Director of Public Prosecutions and Another [2014] ZACC 5 (20 March 2014)

Reported

Applicants’ constitutional challenges to POCA’s definitions, evidentiary provision and retrospectivity dismissed; High Court’s severance not confirmed.

Criminal law – Prevention of Organised Crime Act – Definitions: "pattern of racketeering activity" and "enterprise" – vagueness and overbreadth challenge dismissed; Evidence – s 2(2) POCA permits otherwise inadmissible hearsay, similar-fact and previous-conviction evidence subject to proviso preserving fair trial – admissibility assessed case-by-case; Retrospectivity – Chapter 2 not retrospective as conviction requires post-enactment pattern; Fault element – phrase "ought reasonably to have known" denotes negligence standard and is constitutionally valid; Standing and abstract challenges – permissible but carry heavy burden.

Jordan and Others v S (CCT 31/01) [2002] ZACC 22 (9 October 2002)

Reported

Whether criminalising prostitution by penalising sellers but not buyers constitutes unfair gender discrimination.

Constitutional law – applicable constitution (interim Constitution) – Sexual offences – Prohibition of sex for reward (s20(1)(aA)) – indirect discrimination on grounds of sex – privacy and economic-activity challenges – brothel provisions (ss2,3(b),3(c)) – remedial options (declaration, suspension).

Bothma v Els and Others [2009] ZACC 27 (8 October 2009)

Reported

A 37‑year delay in reporting alleged child rape does not automatically justify a permanent stay of prosecution.

Private prosecution; pre‑trial delay; child rape; right to a fair trial; balancing test (length of delay, reasons for delay, prejudice); nature of offence material to delay assessment; irreparable trial prejudice requires more than faded memory or lost evidence; trial court, not interlocutory court, should decide credibility and actual prejudice.

National Director of Public Prosecutions v Botha NO and Another [2020] ZACC 6 (26 March 2020)

Reported

Whether unlawful proceeds are protected by section 25(1) and whether proportionality governs their forfeiture under POCA.

POCA — chapter 6 forfeiture — proceeds of unlawful activities — extent to which section 25(1) protects unlawful proceeds — applicability and standard of proportionality inquiry to forfeiture under section 50(1)(b) — evidentiary effect of purported repayments and sham loan agreements.