High Court of South Africa Eastern Cape, East London Local Court

185 judgments
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185 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
February 2026
Court held the Fund 100% liable where the plaintiff’s credible single-witness account established negligent overtaking by the insured driver.
Road Accident Fund liability – motor vehicle collision – assessment of single-witness evidence – sudden emergency doctrine – failure to plead or prove contributory negligence – costs awarded on Scale B under Rule 67A.
17 February 2026
Advisory evaluation reports and committee recommendations lacking direct external legal effect are not reviewable under PAJA; applicant failed mandatory capacity and pricing requirements.
Administrative law — PAJA — advisory reports and committee recommendations that lack direct and external legal effect are not "administrative action"; Tender law — responsiveness and mandatory requirements (capacity for specified works); Arithmetic errors and under-pricing — effect on responsiveness and award; Ripeness doctrine; Lawful appointment of technical advisors under municipal SCM policy.
10 February 2026
January 2026
Leave to appeal costs order dismissed where applicant persisted with premature review despite respondent’s undertaking.
Administrative law – procurement – objection procedure under SCM Regulation 50 – undertaking to suspend award; Costs – application of Biowatch principle in constitutional/administrative litigation; Premature review application and costs consequences.
27 January 2026
December 2025
Leave to appeal granted where mailbox delivery did not satisfy statutory/by‑law service requirements, rendering disconnection unlawful.
Municipal law — Service of notices — Municipal Systems Act s115(1)(b) and Electricity Supply By‑Law s13(1)(b)/s14(4)(b) — leaving notice in mailbox not authorised — disconnection tainted with illegality — leave to appeal granted.
9 December 2025
Leave to appeal dismissed as appeal would have no practical effect after respondent reconnected the applicant’s electricity.
Civil procedure – leave to appeal – Superior Courts Act s17(1) and s16(2)(a) – appeal dismissed where proposed relief has no practical effect (mootness) – municipal notices and service under Electricity Supply By-Laws and Municipal Systems Act raised but not decided.
9 December 2025
Whether a Rule 35(7) application was competent to compel extensive financial disclosure for an accrual claim under section 7 MPA.
Matrimonial Property Act s7 – duty to furnish particulars for accrual calculation; Rule 35 discovery – scope and relevance; Rule 35(3)/(7) procedure to compel discovery; interplay between statutory particulars and discovery; interlocutory mandamus to compel disclosure.
4 December 2025
November 2025
Self‑review: debt‑collection and lease‑review agreements unlawfully procured; internal delegation cannot cure procurement illegality.
Public procurement – section 217 Constitution – organ of state must procure via fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost‑effective processes; Treasury Regulations/SCM compliance required. Self‑review by organ of state – principle of legality applies; PAJA does not govern. Delegation of authority cannot override constitutional procurement imperatives. Delay in legality review – unreasonable delay may be overlooked where unlawfulness is clear and interests of justice require. Points in limine (mootness, misjoinder, once‑and‑for‑all) examined and dismissed.
11 November 2025
A subsisting customary marriage may be registered posthumously and renders a subsequent civil marriage void ab initio.
Customary marriage – recognition and registration – s4(7) Recognition of Customary Marriages Act – court-ordered posthumous registration; subsistence of customary marriage – dissolution only by court decree where marriage subsisted at commencement of Act – s3(2) effect on subsequent civil marriage – nullity ab initio; onus and evidence of custom; immateriality of collateral factual disputes.
11 November 2025
Interim interdict granted then discharged because applicants failed to prove authority and locus standi to litigate for students.
Constitutional and civil procedure — interim interdict — requirements for interim relief (prima facie right; irreparable harm; balance of convenience) — locus standi and authorisation — Rule 7(1)/7(4) powers of attorney — standing of student organisations to litigate on behalf of members.
10 November 2025
Court condoned late statutory notice under s3 Act 40/2002, finding good cause and no unreasonable prejudice; special plea dismissed.
Administrative law / civil procedure – Institution of Legal Proceedings Against Certain Organs of State Act 40 of 2002 – s 3 notice requirement and s 3(4) condonation criteria (prescription, good cause, prejudice). Condonation – standard of proof is the overall impression; factors include degree of non‑compliance, explanation, importance of case and prejudice. Evidence – unsupported, general allegations of prejudice are insufficient to defeat condonation. Trial readiness – existence of Rule 37 minute and a filed plea weigh against a finding of substantial prejudice.
6 November 2025
Applicants failed to prove entitlement to interim interdicts or spoliation relief against eviction from the housing project.
Interdict — interim relief requisites (prima facie right; irreparable harm; balance of convenience; alternative remedy); Spoliation (mandament van spolie) — necessity of peaceful, undisturbed possession; PIE Act — applicability to occupants of a site controlled by court order; Service by conspicuous posting and effect; Admissibility of late evidence.
6 November 2025
October 2025
A production notice that in substance relies on Rule 35(14) in application proceedings requires prior court directions under Rule 35(13).
Civil procedure — Rule 35(12) discovery — documents must be referred to in pleadings or affidavits (directly, indirectly or in general terms) — inference insufficient; Rule 35(14) not applicable to application proceedings without court directions under Rule 35(13) — notice delivered without directions is an irregular step under Rule 30; costs awarded.
30 October 2025
September 2025
Urgent interdict to suspend tender struck from roll for unexplained delay and self-created urgency.
Urgent relief – Rule 6(12) URC – interim interdict to suspend tender pending review; delay and self-created urgency; duty to seek prompt relief when undertaking refused; late disclosure of record not always excusing delay.
30 September 2025
Applicant failed to establish standing to challenge municipal electricity disconnection; application dismissed with costs.
Municipal/Electricity law – Disconnection of supply – Requirement of prior written notice to consumer/registered account holder. Locus standi – Occupier/tenant versus representative/beneficial interest – necessity to establish clear factual and legal interest to challenge administrative action. Urgent interim relief – Court will first determine standing before deciding substantive compliance with statutory notice requirements.
25 September 2025
No substantial and compelling circumstances justified departing from prescribed minimum sentences for serial rape and aggravated robbery.
Criminal law – Sentencing – Statutory minimum sentences – duty to impose prescribed minima unless substantial and compelling circumstances exist (S v Malgas; S v Matyityi). Sentencing – Factors – Zinn triad, sentencing objectives (retribution, prevention, deterrence, rehabilitation) and victims’ rights. Sexual offences – Serial rape of minors and adults – aggravating features, DNA evidence, victim impact. Mitigation – Drug addiction and guilty plea not always substantial and compelling; genuine remorse must be demonstrated to the court. Ancillary orders – firearm disqualification, inclusion on sexual offenders register, unsuitability to work with children, victims’ parole representations.
25 September 2025
A 13-year-old pedestrian was found culpae incapax; Fund 100% liable and ordered to pay costs on scale C.
Road Accident Fund – apportionment of damages – contributory negligence – requirement that defendant plead and prove child’s culpae capax; Delict – capacity to be negligent – rebuttable presumption that child under 14 is culpae incapax; Pleadings – inconsistency between alleging sole causation and seeking apportionment; Costs – punitive/scale C under Rule 67A for untenable defence and imprecise pleading.
16 September 2025
Summary judgment refused where interest-rate variations and defective debt-review rescission raised triable issues; debt-restructuring reinstated.
Civil procedure – summary judgment – plaintiff must plead and prove basis for interest-rate escalations and arrears; National Credit Act s86(10) – service and termination of debt-review orders; triable issues where debt-restructuring and accounting disputes exist; enforcing court empowered to reinstate debt-restructuring orders.
12 September 2025
Accused sentenced to prescribed life imprisonment for murder from domestic physical abuse; no substantial and compelling circumstances found.
Domestic violence; murder arising from physical abuse; application of s 1(1) Part 1 Schedule 2 CLAA; prescribed minimum life sentence; assessment of substantial and compelling circumstances (Malgas); victim and child interests; exposure of child to domestic violence; unfitness to possess firearm s103(1) FCA.
4 September 2025
Court appointed a receiver to value and divide a joint estate where divorce division was not effected before a spouse’s death.
Family and succession law – marriage in community of property – division of joint estate upon divorce; appointment of receiver where division not effected before death; surviving spouse’s accrued half-share not part of deceased’s estate; executor’s powers limited to deceased’s half-share; Master to extend time for liquidation and distribution account.
3 September 2025
The applicant’s uncontroverted evidence established negligent driving by an unidentified vehicle; the respondent (RAF) was held fully liable.
Road Accident Fund Act s17(1)(b) — unidentified vehicle claims; Regulation 2 compliance; single-witness credibility (Civil Proceedings Evidence Act s16); effect of bare denial; refusals to participate and unsubstantiated fraud allegations; costs (Scale C) and two counsel.
2 September 2025
Court accepts DPSA promotion scenario 2 for loss of earnings; rejects belated expert departure and awards R2,440,628.50 plus interest and costs.
Road Accident Fund — quantification of loss of earning capacity — choice between employer progression and public service promotion scenarios — admissibility and weight of expert evidence where expert departs from joint minute without supplementary report — application of contingency deductions (10% past, 20% future) — actuarial computation not binding but informative.
2 September 2025
August 2025
Brutal domestic murder and child assault: mitigating factors insufficient to avoid a lengthy 25‑year effective prison sentence.
Criminal law – Sentencing for murder and related assault – Application of Malgas and Zinn – substantial and compelling circumstances required to depart from prescribed sentences. Domestic violence – brutality, use of weapons and presence of children as significant aggravating features. Mitigation – guilty plea, remorse, intoxication, and primary caregiver status considered but insufficient to outweigh aggravation. Children’s Act s47(1) – referral to designated social worker to assess care and protection of minor children. Firearms Control Act s103(1) – accused unfit to possess firearms by operation of law.
29 August 2025
Rescission of POCA exclusion order dismissed for procedural non‑compliance and lack of prospects of success.
POCA — preservation and forfeiture procedures — section 39(3)/(5) notice and affidavit requirements; section 49 late entry; section 52 exclusion of interests (protection of innocent victims); section 53 rescission of default orders; condonation and prospects of success; role and joinder of curator bonis.
14 August 2025
An application for leave to appeal against an interim order is premature absent reasons and does not suspend the order’s operation.
Civil Procedure – Applications for leave to appeal – Timing of application when reasons for judgment are pending – Appealability of interim orders – Suspension of orders pending appeal – Conduct justifying punitive costs order – Rule 49(1) of Uniform Rules – Section 18 of Superior Courts Act.
11 August 2025
July 2025
Court imposed minimum prescribed sentences on accused, rejecting youth and parenthood as substantial mitigating factors.
Criminal Law - Sentencing - Minimum sentences for robbery with aggravating circumstances and attempted murder - Concurrent versus cumulative sentencing.
2 July 2025
Court dismissed application for mandatory interdict due to unexhausted alternative remedies and insufficient contempt proof.
Divorce settlement - Mandatory interdict - Requisite elements - Alternative remedies - Contempt of court - Proof of intent and awareness.
1 July 2025
June 2025
Court dismissed interdict on cylinder possession but upheld safety law violation for unauthorized filling.
Gas cylinders - industry standard cylinder exchange agreement - legal possession post-termination of dealer agreement - health and safety regulations on filling and distribution without consent.
20 June 2025
Dispute over electricity supply termination centered on adequacy and factual basis of pre-termination notice service.
Civil Procedure – Electricity disconnection – Service of notice – Dispute over adequacy and factual basis of notice service in electricity supply termination case.
10 June 2025
The court held that community consultation duties rest on the ward committee, not the liquor certificate applicant.
Liquor Law – Judicial review – Interpretation of obligations under the Eastern Cape Liquor Act – Transfer of liquor registration certificate duties.
5 June 2025
Court declines to hear stated case on prescription due to inadequate facts; suggests amendment or trial.
Civil procedure – Prescription – Inadequate statement of facts in stated case – Need for amendment or trial.
4 June 2025
May 2025
Court convicts three accused for farm attack and robbery based on joint possession and common purpose; acquits one for insufficient evidence.
Criminal Law - Identification of perpetrators - Doctrine of recent possession - Joint possession and common purpose - Intent and culpable homicide in reckless driving cases.
30 May 2025
Accused correctly identified and convicted for farm attack crimes, argued under doctrine of common purpose.
Criminal law; robbery; kidnapping; attempted murder; firearm possession; culpable homicide; identification reliability; common purpose doctrine.
30 May 2025
Rule 43 application for additional litigation costs dismissed for failure to prove material change and inadequate financial disclosure.
Family law – Rule 43(1)(b) and (6) – variation of contribution towards matrimonial litigation costs – requirement to prove material change in circumstances and inadequate means. Family law – Disclosure – applicant’s duty to provide bank statements, credit facility details and income to support Rule 43 variation. Divorce Act s 10 – discretionary approach to costs in divorce/interlocutory proceedings.
27 May 2025
April 2025
A Rule 45(5) undertaking must include a third‑party surety, an inventory and a commitment to satisfy the judgment; defective undertakings do not prevent removal.
Civil procedure – Execution – Rule 45(5) Uniform Rules – Form 19 undertaking requires a third‑party surety of sufficient means, inventory of attached goods and an undertaking to satisfy judgment; sheriff’s discretion to accept undertaking; Rule 45(6) permits removal where undertaking is unsatisfactory.
24 April 2025
Court found substantial and compelling circumstances and sentenced accused to 18 years for repeated rape of a nine-year-old.
Sexual offences — repeated rape of a child — section 51(1) CLAA invoked — assessment of substantial and compelling circumstances under s51(3) — Zinn triad — mitigation: youth, first offender, caregiving responsibilities, rehabilitation prospects — sentence imposed: 18 years; sexual offenders register.
4 April 2025
March 2025
On a balance of probabilities the court found a vehicle (or R328,000) connected to corrupt procurement and ordered forfeiture.
Asset forfeiture – Prevention of Organised Crime Act (POCA) Chapter 6 – civil forfeiture of property or embedded gratification as proceeds or instrumentality of corruption and money laundering. Admissibility – findings in related criminal proceedings (including s174 acquittal) inadmissible in POCA civil forfeiture proceedings; civil evidentiary rules apply. Hearsay – founding affidavit not shown to be inadmissible hearsay absent particularisation. Standard of proof – balance of probabilities applies in forfeiture proceedings; proportionality enquiry required before ordering forfeiture. Public procurement – alleged corrupt relationship between supplier and senior procurement official; conflict of interest and abuse of position considered in civil forfeiture analysis.
18 March 2025
February 2025
Eviction under PIE was just and equitable despite pending employment and ecclesiastical disputes; vacatur ordered by 4 April 2025.
Eviction — Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998 — s 4(7) just and equitable enquiry — rei vindicatio-based eviction where occupation was subsidiary to employment — pendency of labour/ecclesiastical disputes not a precondition to eviction — burden on occupiers to prove risk of homelessness and relevant personal circumstances — costs awarded on party-and-party scale; counsel fees on scale C.
27 February 2025
Court grants summary judgment due to defendant's lack of defense against mortgage debt claim.
Civil Procedure – Summary judgment – Defendant's lack of defense – Mortgage debt and contractual obligations – Section 129 of the National Credit Act
4 February 2025
An amended plea filed without complying with Rule 28 is irregular and must be set aside; pleadings must be regularised.
Civil procedure – Amendments to pleadings – Uniform Rule 28 notice and objection procedure must be followed; court order cannot be read to bypass Rule 28. Civil procedure – Rule 30(1) – relief to set aside an irregular or improper procedural step. Amendments withdrawing admissions – normally require affidavit support when application for leave to amend is launched. Pleading – simple summons and declaration – plea premature absent plaintiff’s declaration.
4 February 2025
January 2025
The court denied the amendment application due to non-compliance with procedural requirements and dismissed the merits-quantum separation request.
Civil Procedure – Amendment of pleadings – Compliance with Rule 18(4) and 18(10) required – Separation of merits and quantum premature at pleading stage
21 January 2025
December 2024
Immediate neighbour entitled to interdict unlawful depot use; municipal zoning and title restrictions prevail despite public-purpose projects.
Town-planning and zoning – Restrictive title conditions – Use as depot and storage for construction activities – Municipal cease-and-desist – Contravention constitutes sufficient injury for interdict – Constitutional public-purpose does not legalise unlawful land use by organ of state.
17 December 2024
Reported
Accused convicted of repeated rape of an eight‑year‑old; life sentence imposed, no substantial and compelling circumstances to deviate.
Criminal law – Rape of a child – single child complainant’s unchallenged evidence via intermediary and J88 forensic findings sufficient to convict; section 174 discharge refused; no substantial and compelling circumstances to deviate from statutory life sentence under s51 CLAA; entry onto National Register for Sexual Offenders.
9 December 2024
November 2024
Where an insured could not have foreseen pre-existing defective workmanship, exclusions for defects do not bar cover.
Insurance law – Comprehensive buildings cover – Exclusions for defects in design, construction, alteration, repairs or defective workmanship – applicability when insured lacked prior knowledge or could not have foreseen defects. Contract interpretation – exclusions to be read in context of stated case; objective approach and businesslike result. Procedure – court bound by stated case; may decide on merits despite insurer’s non-appearance and late/unfiled heads.
14 November 2024
Urgent reinstatement of enrolment dismissed where applicant lacked SANC-required matric and had signed a binding settlement.
Education law; nursing training – enrolment terminated where applicant lacked statutory matriculation prerequisite; enforceability of written settlement agreement between parties; distinction from cases involving organs of state and statutory powers; urgency; costs on scale B (rule 69(7)).
12 November 2024
October 2024
A director exceeding MOI term limits unlawfully occupied office; court ordered removal and costs.
Corporate law – director tenure and removal; interpretation and interplay of company Memorandum of Incorporation clauses limiting terms and cooling-off periods with Companies Act (s66(4)(i), s71, s162); authority to represent respondents in litigation; non-joinder of CIPC; urgency of interlocutory relief.
30 October 2024
No partnership found; verbal contract with the company recognised, R650,000 awarded, additional R421,000 claim dismissed.
Contract/Partnership – Alleged partnership vs independent contractual arrangement – essentials of partnership and evidential proof required. Contract – Enforceability of oral agreements and proof of terms (price) in absence of documentary invoices. Evidence – Assessment of credibility, reliability and probabilities where mutually destructive versions presented. Corporate liability – liability of company versus personal liability of director in a verbal commercial transaction. Remedies – confirmation of cancellation, acceptance of tendered settlement and dismissal of unproven additional claim.
29 October 2024
Unauthorized constructions on neighbor's property require removal and rehabilitation; access rights must be respected.
Property law - Unauthorized construction - Dam and earthworks on adjoining farm - Environmental damage and rights of access.
1 October 2024
September 2024
Applicants' ILPACOSA notices declared effective; leave to proceed granted and each party to bear own costs.
• Administrative law – ILPACOSA – statutory notice requirement (s 3(1), s 3(2)(a)) – when a debt becomes due (s 3(3)(a)) – reasonable care standard for knowledge. • Condonation – s 3(4)(a)/(b) – requirements for granting relief and prejudice to organ of state. • Costs – whether opposition was unreasonable and punitive costs justified.
27 September 2024
Applicant’s inadequately particularised PAIA request failed statutory form requirements; disclosure did not justify a costs order.
Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA) – s18(1)–(2): prescribed form and minimum particulars required for access requests; PAIA – exhaustion of internal remedies (ss74–78) before court application under s82; Procedural compliance with Departmental PAIA Manual/Form 2 when requesting medical records; Costs – disclosure and tender of reasonable wasted costs do not automatically entitle requester to costs; court to make just and equitable order.
23 September 2024
Plaintiff ordered to pay defendant’s wasted costs for convening an unnecessary case management conference despite registrar’s error.
Civil procedure – Case management – Rule 37(8)(a) conference convened during part‑heard trial; registrar’s erroneous Second Case Flow Management Notice; objection in terms of Rule 30(2)(b); costs for wasted attendance – plaintiff ordered to pay costs including counsel’s fees.
16 September 2024