Prescription Act, 1969

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Jurisdiction
South Africa
Citation
Act 68 of 1969
Date
Language
English
Type
Legislation
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South Africa

Prescription Act, 1969

Act 68 of 1969

  1. [Amended by General Law Amendment Act, 1973 (Act 62 of 1973) on 1 December 1970]
  2. [Amended by General Law Amendment Act, 1975 (Act 57 of 1975) on 20 June 1975]
  3. [Amended by Prescription Amendment Act, 1984 (Act 11 of 1984) on 7 March 1984]
  4. [Amended by General Law Amendment Act, 1992 (Act 139 of 1992) on 7 August 1992]
(English text signed by the State President.)ACTTo consolidate and amend the laws relating to prescription.BE IT ENACTED by the State President, the Senate and the House of Assembly of the Republic of South Africa, as follows:—

Chapter I
Acquisition of ownership by prescription

1. Acquisition of ownership by prescription

Subject to the provisions of this Chapter and of Chapter IV, a person shall by prescription become the owner of a thing which he has possessed openly and as if he were the owner thereof for an uninterrupted period of thirty years or for a period which, together with any periods for which such thing was so possessed by his predecessors in title, constitutes an uninterrupted period of thirty years.

2. Involuntary loss of possession

The running of prescription shall not be interrupted by involuntary loss of possession if possession is regained at any time by means of legal proceedings instituted within six months after such loss for the purpose of regaining possession, or if possession is lawfully regained in any other way within one year after such loss.

3. Completion of prescription postponed in certain circumstances

(1)If—
(a)the person against whom the prescription is running is a minor or is insane, or is a woman whose separate property is controlled by her husband by virtue of his marital power, or is a person under curatorship, or is prevented by superior force from interrupting the running of prescription as contemplated in section 4; or
(b)the person in favour of whom the prescription is running is outside the Republic, or is married to the person against whom the prescription is running, or is a member of the governing body of a juristic person against whom the prescription is running; and[paragraph (b) substituted by section 10 of Act 139 of 1992]
(c)the period of prescription would, but for the provisions of this subsection, be completed before or on, or within three years after, the day on which the relevant impediment referred to in paragraph (a) or (6) has ceased to exist,
the period of prescription shall not be completed before the expiration of a period of three years after the day referred to in paragraph (c).
(2)Subject to the provisions of subsection (1), the period of prescription in relation to fideicommissary property shall not be completed against a fideicommissary before the expiration of a period of three years after the day on which the right of that fideicommissary to that property vested in him.

4. Judicial interruption of prescription

(1)The running of prescription shall, subject to the provisions of subsection (2), be interrupted by the service on the possessor of the thing in question of any process whereby any person claims ownership in that thing.
(2)Any interruption in terms of subsection (1) shall lapse, and the running of prescription shall not be deemed to have been interrupted, if the person claiming ownership in the thing in question does not successfully prosecute his claim under the process in question to final judgment or if he does so prosecute his claim but abandons the judgment or the judgment is set aside.
(3)If the running of prescription is interrupted as contemplated in subsection (1), a new period of prescription shall commence to run, if at all, only on the day on which final judgment is given.
(4)For the purposes of this section "process" includes a petition, a notice of motion, a rule nisi and any document whereby legal proceedings are commenced.

5. Application of this Chapter to a prescription not completed at the commencement of this Act

A prescription which has not been completed at the commencement of this Act, shall be governed by the provisions of this Chapter in respect of the course of the unexpired portion of the period of prescription.

Chapter II
Acquisition and extinction of servitudes by prescription

6. Acquisition of servitudes by prescription

Subject to the provisions of this Chapter and of Chapter IV, a person shall acquire a servitude by prescription if he has openly and as though he were entitled to do so, exercised the rights and powers which a person who has a right to such servitude is entitled to exercise, for an uninterrupted period of thirty years or, in the case of a praedial servitude, for a period which, together with any periods for which such rights and powers were so exercised by his predecessors in title, constitutes an uninterrupted period of thirty year.

7. Extinction of servitudes by prescription

(1)A servitude shall be extinguished by prescription if it has not been exercised for an uninterrupted period of thirty years.
(2)For the purposes of subsection (1) a negative servitude shall be deemed to be exercised as long as nothing which impairs the enjoyment of the servitude, has been done on the servient tenement.

8. Application of certain provisions of Chapter I to the acquisition and extinction of servitudes by prescription

(1)The provisions of sections 2, 3, 4 and 5 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the acquisition of a servitude by prescription.
(2)The provisions of sections 3, 4 and 5 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the extinction of a servitude by prescription.
(3)For the purposes of the application of the provisions of section 4(1) in relation to the acquisition or extinction of a servitude by prescription, any reference therein to the possessor of the thing shall be construed as a reference to the person in whose favour the prescription is running; and any reference therein to a claim to the ownership in the thing shall be construed as a reference to a claim for the termination of the exercise of the rights and powers or of the breach of the servitude, as the case may be, by virtue of which the prescription is running.

9. This Chapter not applicable to public servitudes

The provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to public servitudes. prescription in terms of either of the said subsections, shall be regarded as payment of a debt.

Chapter III
Prescription of debts

10. Extinction of debts by prescription

(1)Subject to the provisions of this Chapter and of Chapter IV, a debt shall be extinguished by prescription after the lapse of the period which in terms of the relevant law applies in respect of the prescription of such debt.
(2)By the prescription of a principal debt a subsidiary debt which arose from such principal debt shall also be extinguished by prescription.
(3)Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (1) and (2), payment by the debtor of a debt after it has been extinguished by prescription in terms of either of the said subsections, shall be regarded as payment of a debt.

11. Periods of prescription of debts

The periods of prescription of debts shall be the following:
(a)thirty years in respect of—
(i)any debt secured by mortgage bond;
(ii)any judgment debt;
(iii)any debt in respect of any taxation imposed or levied by or under any law;
(iv)any debt owed to the State in respect of any share of the profits, royalties or any similar consideration payable in respect of the right to mine minerals or other substances;
(b)fifteen years in respect of any debt owed to the State and arising out of an advance or loan of money or a sale or lease of land by the State to the debtor, unless a longer period applies in respect of the debt in question in terms of paragraph (a);
(c)six years in respect of a debt arising from a bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument or from a notarial contract, unless a longer period applies in respect of the debt in question in terms of paragraph (a) or (b);
(d)save where an Act of Parliament provides otherwise, three years in respect of any other debt.

12. When prescription begins to run

(1)Subject to the provisions of subsections (2) and (3), prescription shall commence to run as soon as the debt is due.
(2)If the debtor wilfully prevents the creditor from coming to know of the existence of the debt, prescription shall not commence to run until the creditor becomes aware of the existence of the debt.
(3)A debt shall not be deemed to be due until the creditor has knowledge of the identity of the debtor and of the facts from which the debt arises: Provided that a creditor shall be deemed to have such knowledge if he could have acquired it by exercising reasonable care.[subsection (3) substituted by section 1 of Act 11 of 1984]

13. Completion of prescription delayed in certain circumstances

(1)If—
(a)the creditor is a minor or is insane or is a person under curatorship or is prevented by superior force including any law or any order of court from interrupting the running of prescription as contemplated in section 15(1); or
(b)the debtor is outside the Republic; or[paragraph (b) substituted by section 11(a) of Act 139 of 1992]
(c)the creditor and debtor are married to each other; or
(d)the creditor and debtor are partners and the debt is a debt which arose out of the partnership relationship; or
(e)the creditor is a juristic person and the debtor is a member of the governing body of such juristic person; or
(f)the debt is the object of a dispute subjected to arbitration; or
(g)the debt is the object of a claim filed against the estate of a debtor who is deceased or against the insolvent estate of the debtor or against a company in liquidation or against an applicant under the Agricultural Credit Act, 1966 (Act No. 28 of 1966); or[paragraph (g) substituted by section 11(b) of Act 139 of 1992]
(h)the creditor or the debtor is deceased and an executor of the estate in question has not yet been appointed; and
(i)the relevant period of prescription would, but for the provisions of this subsection, be completed before or on, or within one year after, the day on which the relevant impediment referred to in paragraph (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g) or (h) has ceased to exist,
the period of prescription shall not be completed before a year has elapsed after the day referred to in paragraph (i).
(2)A debt which arises from a contract and which would, but for the provisions of this subsection, become prescribed before a reciprocal debt which arises from the same contract becomes prescribed, shall not become prescribed before the reciprocal debt becomes prescribed.

14. Interruption of prescription by acknowledgement of liability

(1)The running of prescription shall be interrupted by an express or tacit acknowledgement of liability by the debtor.
(2)If the running of prescription is interrupted as contemplated in subsection (1), prescription shall commence to run afresh from the day on which the interruption takes place or, if at the time of the interruption or at any time thereafter the parties postpone the due date of the debt, from the date upon which the debt again becomes due.

15. Judicial interruption of prescription

(1)The running of prescription shall, subject to the provisions of subsection (2), be interrupted by the service on the debtor of any process whereby the creditor claims payment of the debt.
(2)Unless the debtor acknowledges liability, the interruption of prescription in terms of subsection (1) shall lapse, and the running of prescription shall not be deemed to have been interrupted, if the creditor does not successfully prosecute his claim under the process in question to final judgment or if he does so prosecute his claim but abandons the judgment or the judgment is set aside.
(3)If the running of prescription is interrupted as contemplated in subsection (1) and the debtor acknowledges liability, and the creditor does not prosecute his claim to final judgment, prescription shall commence to run afresh from the day on which the debtor acknowledges liability or, if at the time when the debtor acknowledges liability or at any time thereafter the parties postpone the due date of the debt, from the day upon which the debt again becomes due.
(4)If the running of prescription is interrupted as contem­plated in subsection (1) and the creditor successfully prosecutes his claim under the process in question to final judgment and the interruption does not lapse in terms of subsection (2), prescription shall commence to run afresh on the day on which the judgment of the court becomes executable.
(5)If any person is joined as a defendant on his own application, the process whereby the creditor claims payment of the debt shall be deemed to have been served on such person on the date of such joinder.
(6)For the purposes of this section, "process" includes a petition, a notice of motion, a rule nisi, a pleading in reconvention, a third party notice referred to in any rule of court, and any document whereby legal proceedings are commenced.

16. Application of this Chapter

(1)Subject to the provisions of subsection (2)(b), the provisions of this chapter shall, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of any Act of Parliament which prescribes a specified period within which a claim is to be made or an action is to be instituted in respect of a debt or imposes conditions on the institution of an action for the recovery of a debt, apply to any debt arising after the commencement of this Act.
(2)The provisions of any law—
(a)which immediately before the commencement of this Act applied to the prescription of a debt which arose before such commencement; or
(b)which, if this Act had not come into operation, would have applied to the prescription of a debt which arose or arises out of an advance or loan of money by an insurer to any person in respect of an insurance policy issued by such insurer before 1 January 1974,[paragraph (b) substituted by section 31 of Act 57 of 1975]
shall continue to apply to the prescription of the debt in question in all respects as if this Act had not come into operation.
[section 16 substituted by section 41(1) of Act 62 of 1973]

Chapter IV
General

17. Prescription to be raised in pleadings

(1)A court shall not of its own motion take notice of prescription.
(2)A party to litigation who invokes prescription, shall do so in the relevant document filed of record in the proceedings: Provided that a court may allow prescription to be raised at any stage of the proceedings.

18. Laws prohibiting acquisition of land of any right in land by prescription not affected by this Act

The provisions of this Act shall not affect the provisions of any law prohibiting the acquisition of land or any right in land by prescription.

19. This Act binds the State

This Act shall bind the State.

20. This Act not applicable where Bantu law applies

In so far as any right or obligation of any person against any other person is governed by Bantu law, the provisions of this Act shall not apply.

21. ***

[section 21 repealed by section 12 of Act 139 of 1992]

22. Repeal of laws

Subject to the provisions of section 16(2), the laws mentioned in the Schedule to this Act are hereby repealed to the extent set out in the third column of that Schedule.

23. Short title and commencement

This Act shall be called the Prescription Act, 1969, and shall come into operation on a date to be fixed by the State President by proclamation in the Gazette.

Schedule

Laws repealed

No. and year of lawTitleExtent of repeal
Act No. 18 of 1943Prescription Act, 1943The whole.
Act No. 46 of 1945Finance Act, 1945Sections 27, 28, 29 and 30.
Act No. 62 of 1955General Law Amendment Act, 1955Section 23.
Act No. 50 of 1956General Law Amendment Act, 1956Section 16.
Act No. 80 of 1964General Law Amendment Act, 1964Section 6.
Proclamation No. 13 of 1943 of the Administrator of South-West AfricaPrescription Proclamation, 1943The whole.
Proclamation No. 17 of 1944 of the Administrator of South-West AfricaPrescription Amendment Proclamation, 1944The whole.
Ordinance No. 36 of 1965 of South-West AfricaGeneral Law Amendment Ordinance, 1965Section 3.
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History of this document

23 December 2020 amendment not yet applied
09 August 2015 amendment not yet applied
16 December 2007 amendment not yet applied
01 December 1993 amendment not yet applied
07 August 1992 this version
07 March 1984
Read this version
20 June 1975
Read this version
01 December 1970
Read this version
04 June 1969
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23 May 1969
Assented to

Cited documents 4

Legislation 4
  1. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
  2. General Law Amendment Act, 1955
  3. General Law Amendment Act, 1956
  4. General Law Amendment Act, 1964

Documents citing this one 486

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  67. Community of Grootkraal v Botha NO and Others (1219 of 2017) [2018] ZASCA 158 (28 November 2018)
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  89. Engelbrecht NO and Another v K & L Builders (Pty) Limited ; In re: K & L Builders (Pty) Limited v Engelbrecht NO and Others ; Engelbrecht NO and Another v K & L Builders (Pty) Limited ; In re: K & L Builders (Pty) Limited v Engelbrecht NO and Others ; Engelbrecht NO and Others v Master of High Court, Pretoria and Others ; Engelbrecht NO and Others v K & L Builders (Pty) Limited (35192/2020; 7400/2020; 82618/2019; 82619/2019) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1223 (3 November 2023)
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  91. Eskom Holdings Limited v Grundy (AR 380/2017) [2018] ZAKZPHC 1 (16 February 2018)
  92. Eskom v Bonjanala Platinum District Municipality and Another (560/2003) [2004] ZASCA 118 (30 November 2004)
  93. Eskom v First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd (380/1993) [1994] ZASCA 186 (30 November 1994)
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  98. Farocean Marine (Pty) Ltd v Minister of Trade and Industry (614/2005) [2006] ZASCA 137 (30 November 2006)
  99. Fedgroup Participation Bond Managers (Pty) Ltd v Trustee of the Capital Property Trust (20165/2014) [2015] ZASCA 103 (30 June 2015)
  100. Feedpro Animal Nutrition (Pty) Ltd v Nienaber NO and Another (20866/2014) [2016] ZASCA 32 (23 March 2016)
  101. Fegen and Another v Mphakathi (348/2012) [2013] ZASCA 100 (9 September 2013)
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  103. First National Bank of SA Ltd v Lynn NO and Others (405/1994) [1995] ZASCA 158 (30 November 1995)
  104. FirstRand Bank Limited v Spar Group Limited (1334/2019) [2021] ZASCA 20 (18 March 2021)
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  106. Fisher v Natal Rubber Compunders (Pty) Ltd (20640/2014) [2016] ZASCA 33 (24 March 2016)
  107. Fluxmans Incorporated v Levenson (523 of 2015) [2016] ZASCA 183 (29 November 2016)
  108. Foxlake Investments (Pty) Ltd t/a Foxway Developments (Pty) Ltd v Ultimate Raft Foundation Design Solutions CC t/a Ultimate Raft Design and Another (144/2015) [2016] ZASCA 54 (1 April 2016)
  109. Free State Municipal Pension Fund v Minister of Finance and Others (67954/15) [2018] ZAGPPHC 369 (6 June 2018)
  110. Frieslaar NO and Others v Ackerman and Another (1242 of 2016) [2018] ZASCA 3 (2 February 2018)
  111. Gaffoor NO and Another v Vangates Investments (Pty) Ltd and Others (330/2011) [2012] ZASCA 52 (30 March 2012)
  112. Gauteng Department of Infrastructure Development and Another v Themba Consultants (Pty) Ltd (49557/2021) [2024] ZAGPJHC 122 (7 February 2024)
  113. Geldenhuys & Joubert v Van Wyk and Another ; Van Wyk v Geldenhuys & Joubert and Another (471/2003; 472/2003) [2004] ZASCA 121 (30 November 2004)
  114. Gericke v Sack (294/76) [1977] ZASCA 116 (20 November 1977)
  115. Goliath v Rocklands Poultry Loss Control / Sovereign Foods (P295/15) [2019] ZALCPE 16 (7 November 2019)
  116. Gqokoma v MEC Departments of Education and Another (755/2021) [2022] ZAECBHC 16 (27 September 2022)
  117. Grimbeek v Jakobo (922 of 2017) [2018] ZASCA 131 (27 September 2018)
  118. Grobler v Oosthuizen (299/2008) [2009] ZASCA 51 (26 May 2009)
  119. Grootboom and Others v MEC: Department of Education, Eastern Province and Another (173/2018) [2019] ZAECGHC 1 (8 January 2019)
  120. Group Five Construction (Pty) Ltd v Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry (379/2010) [2011] ZASCA 17 (14 March 2011)
  121. Guardian Nasionale Versekeringsmaatskappy Bpk v Weyers (117/1987) [1987] ZASCA 114 (29 September 1987)
  122. Gunase v Anirudh (826/2010) [2011] ZASCA 231 (30 November 2011)
  123. H W and Another v R S (18246/2019) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1407 (24 November 2023)
  124. HOSPERSA obo Tshambi v Department of Health KwaZulu-Natal (DA 1/2015) [2016] ZALAC 138 (24 March 2016)
  125. Habib and Another v eThekwini Municipality (12975/2017) [2019] ZAKZDHC 3 (20 March 2019)
  126. Hanuscke Beleggings CC v Kungwini Local Municipality (512/2011) [2012] ZASCA 112 (12 September 2012)
  127. Hendor Mining Supplies v Fohlisa and Others (JA 55/2014) [2015] ZALAC 28 (26 November 2015)
  128. Holden v Assmang Limited (1277/2019) [2020] ZASCA 145 (5 November 2020)
  129. Holeni v Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa (266/2008) [2009] ZASCA 9 (17 March 2009)
  130. Huisman and Another v Lakie and Others (3248/2010) [2014] ZAECGHC 1 (9 January 2014)
  131. Huisman and Another v Lakie and Others, In re: Huisman and Another v Lakie and Others (3248/2010) [2012] ZAECGHC 71 (6 September 2012)
  132. IMATU obo De Lange v City of Matlosana Local Municipality N.O. and Others (J 1661/12) [2014] ZALCJHB 45 (3 October 2014)
  133. Ijeoma and Another v University of Fort Hare; In Re: University of Fort Hare v Ijeoma and Another (2174/2021) [2023] ZAECGHC 76 (17 August 2023)
  134. Imperial Bank Ltd v Barnard NO and Others (349/2012) [2013] ZASCA 42 (28 March 2013)
  135. Investec Bank Limited t/a Investec Private Bank v Ramurunzi (12554/08) [2013] ZAWCHC 238 (22 March 2013)
  136. Investec Bank Limited t/a Investec Private Bank v Ramurunzi (445/2013) [2014] ZASCA 67 (19 May 2014)
  137. Investec Bank Limited v Erf 436 Elandspoort (Pty) Ltd and Others (1029 of 2016) [2017] ZASCA 128 (29 September 2017)
  138. Investec Bank Limited v Erf 436 Elandspoort (Pty) Ltd and Others (410/2019) [2020] ZASCA 104 (16 September 2020)
  139. Investec Bank Ltd v Knoop N.N.O. and Others (2011/11563) [2023] ZAGPJHC 201 (20 March 2023)
  140. Investec Employee Benefits Ltd v Marais and Others (580/2011) [2012] ZASCA 99 (1 June 2012)
  141. Isibaya House Body Corporate SS 273/2007 and Another v City of Johannesburg (Application for Leave to Appeal) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1412 (24 November 2023)
  142. Isibiya Fund v Visser and Another (20278/2014) [2015] ZASCA 183 (27 November 2015)
  143. JJPC Brand Administrators and Another v Lombard and Others (1223/2017) [2019] ZASCA 55 (1 April 2019)
  144. Jacobs and Another v Garlicke and Bousfield Inc ( Pkf (Durban) Incorporated and Others Intervening ) (1340/2011) [2023] ZAKZDHC 49 (13 September 2023)
  145. Jacquesson v Minister of Finance (548/2004) [2005] ZASCA 103 (16 November 2005)
  146. Jans v Nedcor Bank Ltd (86/2002) [2003] ZASCA 15 (24 March 2003)
  147. Jeewan (aka Mark) v Transnet Soc Limited and Another (6258/15) [2022] ZAGPPHC 650 (21 October 2022)
  148. Johannes G Coetzee & Seun and Another v Le Roux and Another (969 of 2020) [2022] ZASCA 47 (8 April 2022)
  149. Jordaan and Others v City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality and Others; City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality v New Ventures Consulting and Services (Pty) Ltd and Others; Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality v Livanos and Others [2017] ZACC 31 (29 August 2017)
  150. Jordaan v Vermeulen (148/79) [1981] ZASCA 16 (17 March 1981)
  151. Joubert v Kramer Weihmann Incorporated; In Re: Kramer Weihmann Incorporated v Joubert and Others (3645/2022) [2023] ZAFSHC 109 (13 June 2023)
  152. K v K (24545/15) [2018] ZAGPPHC 308 (23 March 2018)
  153. KLD Residential CC v Empire Earth Investments 17 (Pty) Ltd (1135 of 2016) [2017] ZASCA 98 (6 July 2017)
  154. Kaknis v Absa Bank Limited ; Kaknis v Man Financial Services SA (Pty) Ltd (8 of 2016) [2016] ZASCA 206 (15 December 2016)
  155. Kekana v Road Accident Fund (206 of 2017) [2018] ZASCA 75 (31 May 2018)
  156. Kelbrick and Others v Nelson Attorneys and Another (307 of 2017) [2018] ZASCA 55 (16 April 2018)
  157. Kennedy v Winmac Service Centre CC (NCT/229976/2022/75(1)(b) CPA - Rule 34) [2022] ZANCT 36 (11 July 2022)
  158. Khan v Shaik (641/2019) [2020] ZASCA 108 (21 September 2020)
  159. Khumalo and Another v Nedbank (37984/17) [2017] ZAGPPHC 59 (14 December 2017)
  160. Kilroe-Daley v Barclays National Bank Ltd (215/82) [1984] ZASCA 90 (4 September 1984)
  161. Knipe v Cooper N.N.O. and Another; In Re: Knipe v Cooper N.N.O. and Others (2673/2022) [2023] ZAFSHC 140 (22 August 2023)
  162. Knoop NO and Others v Safic (Pty) Limited (038511/2023) [2024] ZAGPJHC 1 (4 January 2024)
  163. Kosmos v Leopont (20546/2014) [2016] ZASCA 48 (31 March 2016)
  164. Kruger v National Director of Public Prosecutions [2019] ZACC 13 (9 April 2019)
  165. L M v South African Broadcasting Corporation (Soc) Ltd (2021/46570) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1136 (9 October 2023)
  166. Lancelot Stellenbosch Mountain Retreat (Pty) Ltd v Gore NO and Others (108/2014) [2015] ZASCA 37 (25 March 2015)
  167. Lappeman Diamond Cutting Works (Pty) Ltd v MIB Group (Pty) Ltd and Another (312/2002) [2003] ZASCA 107 (29 September 2003)
  168. Le Roux and Another v Johannes G Coetzee & Seuns and Another (CCT 117/22) [2023] ZACC 46 (18 December 2023)
  169. Leipsig v Bankorp Ltd (377/1992) [1993] ZASCA 198 (1 December 1993)
  170. Leketi v Tladi NO and Others (117/2009) [2010] ZASCA 38 (30 March 2010)
  171. Leso v Minister of Justice and Correctional Services and Others (74491/2017) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1237 (7 November 2023)
  172. Liberty Group Limited v Illman (1334/2018) [2020] ZASCA 38 (16 April 2020)
  173. Liberty Group Ltd v K & D Marketing (1290/2018) [2020] ZASCA 41 (20 April 2020)
  174. Lieberman v Santam Ltd (168/1998) [2000] ZASCA 173 (29 May 2000)
  175. Liu v Minister of Finance and Others (72053/2015) [2024] ZAGPPHC 197 (26 February 2024)
  176. Lombo v African National Congress (17/2001) [2002] ZASCA 61 (30 May 2002)
  177. Long Beach Owners Association v Miles N.O. (624/2020) [2023] ZAECGHC 58 (30 March 2023)
  178. Loni v Member of the Executive Council, Department of Health, Eastern Cape, Bhisho [2018] ZACC 2 (22 February 2018)
  179. Lordan NO and Others v Tight Business Enterprises CC (A23/2021) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1299 (25 November 2023)
  180. Lordan NO and Others v Tight Business Enterprises CC (A320/2021) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1298 (25 November 2023)
  181. Lupacchini NO and Another v Minister of Safety and Security (16/2010) [2010] ZASCA 108 (17 September 2010)
  182. Lutzkie NO and Another v Zenith Concessions Ltd (386/2002) [2003] ZASCA 97 (26 September 2003)
  183. M M obo M K v MEC for Department of Education Gauteng Province and Others (14625/2020) [2022] ZAGPPHC 625 (13 September 2022)
  184. M v M (51743/16) [2018] ZAGPPHC 458 (25 January 2018)
  185. MEC for Education, KZN v Shange (529/2011) [2012] ZASCA 98 (1 June 2012)
  186. MEC for Health, Western Cape v Coboza (1087/2019) [2020] ZASCA 165 (10 December 2020)
  187. MEC for he Department of Public Works and Infrastructure v Pretorius and Another (CA 9 of 2022) [2022] ZAECMHC 14 (26 July 2022)
  188. Macleod v Kweyiya (365/2012) [2013] ZASCA 28 (27 March 2013)
  189. Madalane v Van Wyk (87/2015) [2016] ZASCA 25 (18 March 2016)
  190. Madibeng Local Municipality v Public Investment Corporation Ltd (955/2020) [2020] ZASCA 157 (30 November 2020)
  191. Mafuduka obo L M v Mec for Health Eastern Cape Provincial Government (315/2018) [2022] ZAECBHC 37 (26 July 2022)
  192. Magic Eye Trading 77 CC and Another v Santam Limited and Another (775/2018) [2019] ZASCA 188 (10 December 2019)
  193. Maize Board v Tiger Oats Ltd and Others (151/2001) [2002] ZASCA 74 (31 May 2002)
  194. Makate v Vodacom (Pty) Ltd [2016] ZACC 13 (26 April 2016)
  195. Makena v Minister of Police and Others (13823/2019; A138/2022) [2024] ZAGPPHC 128 (13 February 2024)
  196. Malesa v DMC Debt Management, a division of OPCO 365 (Pty) Ltd (NCT/226906/2022/141(1)(b)) [2023] ZANCT 8 (12 January 2023)
  197. Malgas and Others v Minister of Justice and Correctional Services (Special Plea) (73418/2016) [2024] ZAGPPHC 199 (15 February 2024)
  198. Mangasa v Minister of Police and Others (45105/2021) [2024] ZAGPJHC 180 (22 February 2024)
  199. Manziya v Member of Executive Council, Department of Health, Eastern Cape and Others (950/2012) [2023] ZAECGHC 120 (28 November 2023)
  200. Mark Evan Investments CC v Groenveld and Another (11747/2017) [2023] ZAKZDHC 56 (15 June 2023)
  201. Masehla v Ganca and Another; Ganca and Another v Masehla and Others (2019/40372) [2023] ZAGPJHC 1171 (16 October 2023)
  202. Mashaba v Minister of Police (54940/2012) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1347 (18 December 2023)
  203. Masilo NO and Others v Betterbridge (Pty) Limited (37/2015) [2016] ZASCA 73 (25 May 2016)
  204. Masoanganye v Mahlaoele NO and Others (15119/21) [2022] ZAGPPHC 731 (31 October 2022)
  205. Mason N.O. v Mason and Another; L Mason Electrical CC and Another v Mason N.O. (2353/2016) [2023] ZAECELLC 36 (14 September 2023)
  206. Matatiele Local Municipality v Lubbe Construction (Pty) Ltd (24667/20) [2021] ZAGPJHC 370 (2 December 2021)
  207. Matatiele Local Municipality v Lubbe Construction (Pty) Ltd (24667/20) [2022] ZAGPJHC 312 (17 May 2022)
  208. Mbambo v Mbambo (787/2020) [2022] ZAECGHC 19 (7 June 2022)
  209. Mbele v Road Accident Fund (799 of 2015) [2016] ZASCA 134 (29 September 2016)
  210. McMillan v Bate Chubb & Dickson Incorporated (299/2020) [2021] ZASCA 45 (15 April 2021)
  211. Mdlalose v Brendon Lyne Medical Practice and Others (24079/18) [2022] ZAGPJHC 36 (1 February 2022)
  212. Mdlalose v Doctor Brendan Lune Medical Practise and Others (A5025/2022) [2023] ZAGPJHC 657 (7 June 2023)
  213. Mdletshe N.O. and Another v Minister of Police (AR 135/2022) [2023] ZAKZPHC 110 (23 June 2023)
  214. Mdunjana v Road Accident Fund (52582/20) [2022] ZAGPPHC 743 (18 August 2022)
  215. Member of Executive Council for Department of Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs v Maphanga (1) (12477/2016) [2017] ZAKZPHC 54 (7 December 2017)
  216. Member of Executive Council for Health Eastern Cape v N H obo A (513/2021) [2022] ZASCA 181 (15 December 2022)
  217. Member of Executive Council, Department of Education, Eastern Cape v Komani School & Office Supplies CC t/a Komani Stationers (1417 of 2018) [2022] ZASCA 13 (26 January 2022)
  218. Member of the Executive Council For Health Eastern Cape v Diko (CA1/2023) [2023] ZAECBHC 29 (15 September 2023)
  219. Member of the Executive Council For Health: Eastern Cape Province v Mbodla (449/2013) [2014] ZASCA 60 (6 May 2014)
  220. Meyer v Legal Expenses Insurance SA Ltd (872 of 2006) [2013] ZAECMHC 20 (7 March 2013)
  221. Mfiki v Minister of Police and Another (EL 873/2019) [2022] ZAECELLC 8 (12 July 2022)
  222. Mhlari NO and Others v Nedbank Limited (251/2023) [2024] ZASCA 39 (4 April 2024)
  223. Michael and Another v First Rand Bank Limited (24986/10) [2021] ZAGPJHC 482 (14 July 2021)
  224. Minister of Finance and Others v Gore NO (230/2006) [2006] ZASCA 98 (8 September 2006)
  225. Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development and Others v Pennington and Another (162/2022) [2023] ZASCA 51 (14 April 2023)
  226. Minister of Police and Another v Miya (29972/2019) [2022] ZAGPPHC 1026 (11 November 2022)
  227. Minister of Police and Another v Miya [2022] ZAGPPHC 1025 (11 November 2022)
  228. Minister of Public Works and Land Affairs and Another v Group Five Building Ltd (653/1994) [1996] ZASCA 63 (30 May 1996)
  229. Minister of Public Works and Land Affairs v Group Five Building Ltd (606/1996) [1999] ZASCA 36 (28 May 1999)
  230. Minister of Public Works v Roux Property Fund (Pty) Ltd (779/2019) [2020] ZASCA 119 (1 October 2020)
  231. Minister of Safety &Security v Molutsi and Another (366/1995) [1996] ZASCA 75 (3 June 1996)
  232. Minister of Safety and Security v De Witt (588/2007) [2008] ZASCA 103 (19 September 2008)
  233. Mkansi v Legal Practitioners Indemnity Insurance Fund (61050/21) [2022] ZAGPPHC 1156 (8 December 2022)
  234. Mkansi v Legal Practitioners Indemnity Insurance Fund (61050/21) [2022] ZAGPPHC 1177 (8 December 2022)
  235. Mngcebele v Minister of Police and Another (EL 1195/2019) [2022] ZAECELLC 3 (31 May 2022)
  236. Mngomezulu N.O. and Another v Mokoena and Others (37279/20) [2022] ZAGPJHC 401 (25 March 2022)
  237. Mogaila v Coca Cola Fortune (Pty) Ltd [2017] ZACC 6 (2 March 2017)
  238. Mohamed N.O. and Another v Ninth Avenue Mayfair Properties (Pty) Ltd and Others (22/8127) [2023] ZAGPJHC 182 (15 March 2023)
  239. Mohlaka v Minister of Finance and Others (J2283/07) [2009] ZALAC 3 (6 January 2009)
  240. Mohlomi v Minister of Defence [1996] ZACC 20 (26 September 1996)
  241. Mokoena v Road Accident Fund (23310/15) [2018] ZAGPPHC 333 (28 March 2018)
  242. Molefe and Others v Executor: Estate of the Late Edgar Molefe and Others (4884/2021) [2022] ZAFSHC 105 (25 August 2022)
  243. Moloi and Others v Road Accident Fund (413/1998) [2000] ZASCA 53 (29 September 2000)
  244. Monare v South African Tourism (JS 133/2016) [2019] ZALCJHB 205 (2 May 2019)
  245. Monare v South African Tourism (JS 133/2016) [2019] ZALCJHB 391 (2 May 2019)
  246. Mondocclox Pty (Ltd) v Branch and Another (3581/2021) [2022] ZAECGHC 102 (15 December 2022)
  247. Moodliyar and Bedhesi Attorneys v Madatt and Another (11188/15) [2023] ZAGPJHC 82 (6 February 2023)
  248. Mostert NO v Registrar of Pension Funds and Others (986 of 2016) [2017] ZASCA 108 (15 September 2017)
  249. Moto Health Care Medical Scheme v HMI Healthcare Corporation (Pty) Ltd and Others (341/18) [2019] ZASCA 87 (31 May 2019)
  250. Motor Industry Bargaining Council v Khan and Another (J388/14) [2015] ZALCJHB 33 (2 September 2015)
  251. Motsoaledi and Others v Mabuza (JA 47/2016) [2018] ZALAC 74 (6 September 2018)
  252. Mthembu v Minister of Police and Another (45040/18) [2021] ZAGPJHC 494 (22 December 2021)
  253. Mthimkhulu obo LP Thabede v MEC of Health and Another (4056/2019) [2022] ZAFSHC 84 (7 July 2022)
  254. Mtokonya v Minister of Police (1057 of 2014) [2015] ZAECMHC 67 (23 September 2015)
  255. Mtokonya v Minister of Police [2017] ZACC 33 (19 September 2017)
  256. Mugwena and Another v Minister of Safety and Security (303/2003) [2005] ZASCA 117 (29 November 2005)
  257. Muller v BOE Bank Ltd and Others (8723/1998) [2010] ZAWCHC 121 (25 May 2010)
  258. Muller v Sanlam Life Insurance Limited (1162 of 2015) [2016] ZASCA 149 (30 September 2016)
  259. Municipal Employees Pension Fund v Mongwaketse (969/2019) [2020] ZASCA 181 (23 December 2020)
  260. Myathaza v Johannesburg Metropolitan Bus Service and Another (CA 3/14; JA 122/14; JA 39/14) [2015] ZALAC 32 (6 November 2015)
  261. Myathaza v Johannesburg Metropolitan Bus Services (SOC) Limited t/a Metrobus and Others [2016] ZACC 49 (15 December 2016)
  262. Myeza v Mtlokwana (2023-005686) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1243 (6 November 2023)
  263. N M obo L M v MEC for Health, Eastern Cape Provincial Department (315/2018) [2022] ZAECBHC 12 (26 July 2022)
  264. NMZ obo SFZ v MEC for Health and Social Development of Mpumalanga Provincial Government (1149/2020) [2021] ZASCA 184 (24 December 2021)
  265. NUM obo Majebe v Civil and General Contractors (PA 6/2019) [2020] ZALAC 81 (17 November 2020)
  266. NUM obo Mayime Dalton Majebe v Civil & General Contractors (PE 6/2019) [2020] ZALAC 56 (17 November 2020)
  267. NUMSA obo Masipa v Go Suspensions and Axles (Pty) Ltd and Others (JR 3349/09) [2014] ZALCJHB 144 (26 March 2014)
  268. Napier v Barkhuizen (569/2004) [2005] ZASCA 119 (30 November 2005)
  269. National Commissioner of SA Police Services and Others v Phopho (PA 19/2019) [2021] ZALAC 296 (25 May 2021)
  270. National Tertiary Retirement Fund v Mokadi and Another (419/2015) [2016] ZASCA 92 (1 June 2016)
  271. National Union of Metal Workers of South Africa v Intervalve (Pty) Ltd and Others [2014] ZACC 35 (12 December 2014)
  272. National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa obo M Fohlisa and Others v Hendor Mining Supplies (a division of Marschalk Beleggings (Pty) Ltd) [2017] ZACC 9 (30 March 2017)
  273. Nature’s Choice Farms (Pty) Ltd v Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality (463/2019) [2020] ZASCA 20 (25 March 2020)
  274. NedBank Ltd v Forbes (41706/20) [2022] ZAGPJHC 366 (30 May 2022)
  275. Nedcor Bank Ltd v Rundle (455/2005) [2006] ZASCA 160 (26 September 2006)
  276. Nel v Potgieter (2546/2001) [2009] ZAKZDHC 52 (9 November 2009)
  277. Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality v Amber Mountain Investments 3 (Pty) Ltd (576 of 2016) [2017] ZASCA 36 (29 March 2017)
  278. Neon and Cold Cathode Illuminations (Proprietary) Limited v Ephron (300/76) [1977] ZASCA 108 (11 November 1977)
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  281. Nobilatus Projects 23 (Pty) Limited v Improfin (Pty) Limited (20272/2021) [2023] ZAGPJHC 598 (31 May 2023)
  282. Ntlanjeni v Minister of Police and Others (3372/2018) [2023] ZAECGHC 22 (23 March 2023)
  283. Nuance Investments (Pty) Ltd v Maghilda Investments (Pty) Ltd and Others (32 of 2016) [2016] ZASCA 190 (1 December 2016)
  284. Off-Beat Holiday Club and Another v Sanbonani Holiday Spa Share Block Limited and Others (20231/2014) [2016] ZASCA 62 (25 April 2016)
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  330. Shackleton Credit Management CC v Standard Bank SA Ltd and Others; In Re: Adams v Shackleton Credit Management CC and Others (54103/2012) [2023] ZAGPPHC 158 (17 March 2023)
  331. Shange v MEC for Education, Kwazulu-Natal (15860/2008) [2011] ZAKZDHC 28 (17 June 2011)
  332. Shoprite Checkers (Pty) Ltd v Mafate (903/2021) [2023] ZASCA 14 (17 February 2023)
  333. Sibanye Stillwater Ltd v Dovetail Properties (Pty) Ltd (00127/2021) [2024] ZAGPJHC 1538 (6 March 2024)
  334. Silouette Investments Ltd v Virgin Hotels Group Ltd (116/2008) [2009] ZASCA 40 (31 March 2009)
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  339. Sondorp and Another v Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality (JA 87/11) [2013] ZALAC 15 (26 June 2013)
  340. South African Broadcasting Corporation and Another v Former Chief Operations Officer: George Hlaudi Motsoeneng and Others (GP01/2021) [2022] ZAST 48 (18 October 2022)
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  351. Thomas v Minister of Defence and Military Veterans (506/2013) [2014] ZASCA 109 (11 September 2014)
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  380. Yzerfontein Curesmiths (Pty) Ltd t/a Flying Pig and Others v Laubscher and Another (14263/2023) [2023] ZAWCHC 192 (6 December 2023)
  381. Zulu v MEC (5147 of 2018) [2022] ZAECMHC 6 (17 May 2022)
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  384. eThekwini Municipality v Mounthaven (Pty) Ltd [2018] ZACC 43 (31 October 2018)
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Legislation 17
  1. Credit Control
  2. Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007
  3. Customer Care Management, Credit Control and Debt Collection
  4. Customer Care Management, Credit Control and Debt Collection
  5. Customer Care Management, Credit Control and Debt Collection
  6. Customs Control Act, 2014
  7. Customs Duty Act, 2014
  8. Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Act, 2002
  9. Financial Sector Regulation Act, 2017
  10. National Credit Act, 2005
  11. Pension Funds Act, 1956
  12. Policyholder Protection Rules (Long-term Insurance), 2017
  13. Policyholder Protection Rules (Short-term Insurance), 2017
  14. Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act, 2013
  15. Tariffs and Free Basic Services
  16. Tariffs and Free Basic Services
  17. Tariffs and Free Basic Services