High Court of South Africa Free State, Bloemfontein

The Free State Division of the High Court of South Africa (previously named the Orange Free State Provincial Division and the Free State High Court, and commonly known as the Bloemfontein High Court is a superior court of law with general jurisdiction over the Free state province of South Africa. The division sits at  Bloemfontein.

1,117 judgments
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1,117 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
March 2025
Non-compliance with s129(1)(a) is not a bona fide defence; registration certificate need not be annexed to pleadings.
National Credit Act s129 — non-compliance not a bona fide defence for summary judgment; registration certificate need not be annexed to pleadings; proof of delivery by track-and-trace and manager’s certificate prima facie establish compliance and indebtedness; bare denials do not defeat summary judgment.
19 March 2025
Leave to appeal refused: applicant failed to show reasonable prospects of success on conviction or sentence.
Criminal procedure – leave to appeal – section 17 Superior Courts Act – applicant must show a reasonable prospect of success, not mere possibility. Criminal law – conviction on murder with direct intent – trial court's factual findings and witness credibility; appellate prospects. Sentencing – prescribed minimum sentences (Part 2 Schedule 2) – Malgas principles; substantial and compelling circumstances required to deviate. Sentencing – pre-trial custody: not alone sufficient as substantial and compelling circumstance. Sentencing – primary caregiver and best interests of children: factual inquiry; not automatically mitigating. Domestic-relationship murders – legislative severity and sentencing consequences (Part 1 v Part 2 distinction).
17 March 2025
Seizure upheld where the applicant failed to rebut the statutory presumption that excise duty on the specific cigarettes was unpaid.
Customs & Excise — seizure of goods under s87 and s88 — s102(1) documentary requirements and s102(4) presumption that duty unpaid — onus on seller/distributor to prove duty paid — procedural fairness of seizure process under PAJA.
13 March 2025
Biowatch cost protection applies only to genuine constitutional challenges, not employment suspension disputes or frivolous litigation.
Costs in constitutional litigation – Biowatch principle applies only to genuine, non-frivolous constitutional challenges and excludes vexatious/frivolous litigation or litigant misconduct. Employment law v administrative action – precautionary suspension of public employee ordinarily not administrative action (Chirwa; Gcaba). Mootness/practical effect – withdrawal of suspension negates practical effect of challenge.
13 March 2025
Application for payment stayed due to lis pendens pending final adjudication of review on legality of contract award.
Administrative law – review of administrative decision – legality of contract award and extensions – lis pendens – stay of proceedings pending final adjudication of review and transfer under s 27(1)(a) Superior Courts Act – procedural effect of lack of jurisdiction/removal from roll not constituting final outcome.
12 March 2025
A municipal council's decision to terminate an acting manager is administrative; PAJA time limits bar an eight-month-late review.
Local government – Appointment and termination of municipal managers or acting managers – Such decisions constitute 'administrative action' under PAJA – Review proceedings must comply with s7(1)’s time limits – Delay (eight months) without condonation fatal to review – Non-joinder and agenda irregularities unnecessary to decide once PAJA non-compliance established.
12 March 2025
Whether plaintiff proved total loss of earnings despite limited collateral evidence and appropriate contingencies.
Damages – motor vehicle collision – proof of past and future loss of earnings despite incomplete payslips; actuarial computation accepted; contingency deductions applied (5% past, 20% future); actuarial update ordered; costs for specified experts and counsel on scale B.
11 March 2025
Summary judgment refused where defendant raised bona fide, triable defences alleging delivery of defective goods and reciprocal obligations.
Summary judgment — amendment of plea and supplementation — leave to file supplementary affidavit; Rule 32 compliance and condonation; bona fide defence requirement — full disclosure of nature, grounds and material facts; tacit/implied terms and reciprocity of obligations despite non‑variation clauses; defective goods and alleged breach of consignment agreement as triable issues.
11 March 2025
Applicant failed to show prima facie right or irreparable harm to interdict liquidators; urgent application dismissed with costs.
Companies Act – removal of liquidator (s379) – Master’s administrative decision – interpretation and effect of interim suspension – interlocutory interdict requirements (prima facie/right, irreparable harm, balance of convenience) – subpoenas for insolvency enquiry – urgency (rule 6(12)).
11 March 2025
Whether the respondent negligently failed to warn of a stalled vehicle causing the applicant’s rear-end collision.
Road traffic – rear-end collision with a stalled vehicle – duty to warn following drivers of a stationary obstruction – evidential value of dash-cam footage and post-accident statements – credibility assessment and sole causation leading to 100% liability; counterclaim dismissed.
10 March 2025
Application for leave to appeal – Spoliation Order – The application for leave to appeal, dismissed, with costs, counsel`s fees on scale B
7 March 2025
Spoliation cannot restore possession once a bona fide third party holds the property; vindicatory proceedings are required.
Spoliation (mandament van spolie) – Inapplicability where disputed property is held by a bona fide third-party possessor – Remedy is rei vindicatio, not mandament. Poundmaster/impoundment – bona fide receipt from state actors bars spoliation relief. Defence of impossibility/restoration to original possessor when possession passed bona fide.
7 March 2025
Leave to appeal refused where municipality conceded serious financial breaches of its constitutional duties and appeal lacked prospects.
Municipal constitutional duties (s152, s153) — Municipal financial crisis and failure to provide basic services — Provincial intervention duties (s139) — Superior Courts Act s17 leave to appeal — Novel arguments raised in leave application inadmissible — Declaratory relief not requiring Constitutional Court confirmation (s172(2)).
7 March 2025
Plaintiff proved loss of future earnings from a motor collision; RAF ordered to pay 85% with a 25% contingency deduction.
Road Accident Fund — loss of earnings; proof that diminished earning capacity causes patrimonial loss; quantification of future loss and contingency deduction; apportionment and 85% liability; section 17(4)(a) undertaking for future medical costs; separation of past medical expenses and general damages; costs and interest.
7 March 2025
6 March 2025
Road Accident Fund held 80% liable for damages in pedestrian injury case, with awarded general and future medical costs.
Motor vehicle accident – Road Accident Fund liability – General damages assessed for pain, suffering, and future medical costs – Loss of earning capacity calculated accounting for physical impairments.
6 March 2025
The appeal against the convictions and sentence is upheld. The order of the court a quo is set aside and substituted with the following : "Accused 1 is acquitted on all counts and discharged."
6 March 2025
6 March 2025
Appeal dismissed; trial court credibility findings and corroborative circumstantial evidence upheld.
Criminal law – Appeal against convictions – evaluation of credibility and deference to trial court; circumstantial evidence and corroboration of single witness by cellphone records and recovered firearm; admissibility and weight of warning statements (admissions).
6 March 2025
Leave to appeal costs refused; leave to cross-appeal granted on whether an FFC issued without a clean audit is valid.
Civil procedure – leave to appeal – Superior Courts Act s17(1) – requirement of reasonable prospects of success; Costs – discretionary award of costs by trial court – appeal against costs limited to misdirection or gross error; Legal practice – Fidelity Fund Certificate (FFC) – validity of FFC issued without an unqualified (clean) audit; Effect of subsequent qualified audit on retrospective validity of FFC; Public and professional importance of discrete legal question warranting cross-appeal.
6 March 2025
The applicants' Rule 21 demand for extensive particulars was dismissed; the respondent’s replies were adequate and issues are evidentiary.
Civil procedure – Rule 21 – Further particulars – Only particulars "strictly necessary" to prepare for trial may be compelled; evidentiary matters and document production are for trial or Rule 35. National Credit Act – relevance of affordability assessments, s 129/130 notices and reckless-lending (s 80) allegations may be litigated at trial as matters of evidence. Abuse of particulars requests – cannot be used to obtain admissions or substitute for discovery.
5 March 2025
4 March 2025
February 2025
Summary judgment granted as respondents failed to disclose a bona fide defense or raise a triable issue.
Summary Judgment; Mortgage Loan Agreement; Bona Fide Defence; Lis Pendens; Evidence in Summary Judgment.
28 February 2025
Conviction and sentence for rape set aside due to inconsistencies and lack of credibility in the state's case.
Criminal Law – rape conviction – credibility of single child witness – intellectual disability – inconsistencies in testimony – lack of medical evidence.
28 February 2025
Court affirms bank's ownership of assets and entitlement to sale proceeds and rental income post-liquidation.
Insolvency Law - asset ownership post-liquidation - terminated agreements - entitlements to sale proceeds and rental income.
28 February 2025
Summary judgment granted against first defendant; second defendant allowed to defend suretyship liability claims.
Summary judgment - overdraft facility - prescription of debt - affidavit compliance with regulations - suretyship liability - liquid document attachment.
27 February 2025
Court rejects voluntary surrender of estates, emphasizing insufficient creditor advantage and procedural abuses.
Insolvency Law – Voluntary surrender of estates – Requirements not satisfied to demonstrate advantage to creditors – National Credit Act relief and its inadequacy in the process – Patterns in legal practice affecting bona fides and creditor benefits.
27 February 2025
Leave to appeal refused where no exceptional circumstances justified further affidavits and the appeal lacked reasonable prospects.
Civil procedure – leave to appeal – s 17 Superior Courts Act – test requires reasonable prospects that appeal would succeed; Uniform Rules of Court r 6(5)(e) – further affidavits require exceptional circumstances; multiplicity of actions and prejudice justify refusal; procedural non-compliance with requirement to set out concise grounds of appeal; costs – Biowatch principle inapplicable to private contractual disputes; successful respondents awarded costs including two counsel on scale B.
27 February 2025
Court rescinds forfeiture order due to irregular service and mishandling of opposition affidavit by State Attorney.
Civil Procedure – Rule 42 – rescission of forfeiture order – erroneous judgment – service of preservation order.
27 February 2025
Court denied urgent interdict to block pension release pending maintenance decision due to insufficient jurisdictional factors.
Family law – Maintenance – Interdict against pension fund payout – Urgency and necessity for interdictory relief when maintenance unresolved.
27 February 2025
The defendants’ exception was dismissed: the plaintiffs’ particulars sufficiently disclosed a cause of action and were not prejudicially vague.
Company law; exceptions — Rule 23; pleadings — vagueness and embarrassment; pactum de non cedendo and cession; pre‑incorporation contracts (s 21 Companies Act); alleged personal liability of directors (ss 76, 218).
27 February 2025
Application to change minor children's primary residence dismissed; outdated evidence rejected, family advocate's report favored.
Family Law – Variation of custody orders – Allegations of parental alienation – Reliance on outdated psychological reports – Importance of the family advocate’s report in assessing children’s best interests.
26 February 2025
25 February 2025
Court awards R2.4 million to a plaintiff for loss of earnings and general damages after a car accident.
Personal injury - road accident - loss of earnings and general damages - application of contingencies in compensation claims
21 February 2025
An objection hearing under COIDA is reviewable where new evidence and changed grounds are introduced without notice, violating s 33 and s 34.
Administrative law – COIDA s 91 objection hearings – procedural fairness; introduction of new evidence and change of grounds without notice; trial by ambush; violation of Constitution s 33 (just administrative action) and s 34 (access to fair hearing); review remedy and remittance for re-hearing; condonation for late review application.
21 February 2025
Interim interdict granted preventing respondent disconnecting electricity pending review due to likely irreparable harm to applicant.
Administrative law – interim interdict pending review – electricity supplier’s proposed disconnection after disputed audit/back‑billing – urgency and self‑created urgency – exhaustion of internal remedies and PAJA s 7(2) – requirements for interim interdict (prima facie right, irreparable harm, balance of convenience, no alternative remedy) – constitutional considerations (access to courts, property rights).
21 February 2025
Application for condonation dismissed due to inadequate explanation and lack of good prospects for success.
Condonation application – rescission of taxation allocatur – reasonable explanation for delay – bona fide defence – improperly commissioned affidavit
21 February 2025
Court awards damages for proven past and future loss of income due to plaintiff's impaired earning capacity post-accident.
Personal Injury – Road Accident Fund – Damages for past and future loss of income – Contingency deductions – Expert witness evidence.
21 February 2025
Interlinked tripartite contracts meant the manufacturing agreement and exemption clauses applied; respondent failed to prove breach.
• Contract law – tripartite transactions – interdependent yet distinct manufacturing, sale and finance agreements; interpretation as a composite transaction. • Contract terms – incorporation of manufacturer’s standard terms and exemption clauses into the manufacturing agreement between manufacturer and purchaser despite sale to financier. • Breach/fitness for purpose – compliance with agreed specifications does not constitute breach merely because performance issues later arise. • Duty to advise – negligent advisory duty not pleaded or proved; exemption clause operative. • Pleadings vs evidence – court must determine the real nature of the dispute on the evidence, not be confined to labels in pleadings.
21 February 2025
Claims to set aside insolvent transactions are remedial, not automatic debts, so security for costs was refused.
Insolvency Act – Sections 26, 31 and 32 – claims to set aside dispositions – characterization for prescription purposes. Prescription – whether a remedy to set aside transactions constitutes a "debt" under the Prescription Act. Security for costs – exceptional circumstances and abuse of process considerations. Procedure – discovery of identity of recipients may delay prescription.
20 February 2025
The court awarded damages to the plaintiff for injuries and loss of earnings due to a motor vehicle accident.
Personal injury - damages - RAF liability - future loss of earnings - SASSA disability grant deduction issue
20 February 2025
The conviction based on inconsistent single witness testimony is overturned due to credible consensual defense evidence.
Criminal Law – Appeal against conviction and sentence – Single witness evidence – Consensual sex defense in rape accusation – Application of cautionary rule.
18 February 2025
Appeal dismissed due to failure to raise NCA issues in initial proceedings.
Credit law – National Credit Act – Alleged unlawfulness of credit agreements and notarial bonds – Grounds for appeal dismissed due to procedural deficiencies.
18 February 2025
A court may set aside an order made by a court lacking jurisdiction and transfer the proceedings to the proper Division.
Superior Courts Act s27 – transfer of proceedings to appropriate Division; jurisdictional competence – status of orders made without jurisdiction (nullity v binding until set aside); rescission of orders made by a court lacking jurisdiction; procedural relief and costs where transfer ordered.
17 February 2025
Determination of appropriate contingency deductions for future loss of earnings due to injury in a road accident case.
Road Accident Fund – Damages – Future loss of earnings – Contingency deductions for future earnings – Plaintiff's employability post-accident.
17 February 2025
Whether the plaintiff proved a prima facie customary marriage to defeat an absolution-from-the-instance application.
Family law – Customary marriage – Requirement under s 3(1) of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act – proof of lobola negotiations, ceremonies and family meetings as elements to establish a customary marriage. Civil procedure – Absolution from the instance – Test in Claude Neon Lights and Gordon Lloyd – necessity of a prima facie case to survive absolution; credibility not assessed at this stage. Evidence – Role of documentary material (lobola negotiation letter) and witness testimony in establishing a prima facie case in customary-marriage disputes.
17 February 2025
The court dismissed an exception to a claim, finding it sufficiently clear to allow pleadings to proceed.
Exception to particulars of claim; National Credit Act compliance; Life Insurance Policy cession invalidity; Rule 23 Uniform Rules of Court.
17 February 2025
The Road Accident Fund was found fully liable for a rear-end collision, rejecting defenses of contributory negligence.
Road Accident Fund - liability for damages from rear-end collision - negligence of the insured driver affirmed.
14 February 2025
The court set aside a summary judgment, recognizing the trust's bona fide defense of an amended lease agreement.
Civil procedure - Summary judgment - Bona fide defenses - Lease agreement variation - Trial required to resolve factual disputes.
14 February 2025
Court addresses locus standi and vagueness in a medical negligence claim concerning treatment of a now-major daughter.
Civil procedure – locus standi – exception based on lack of standing. Medical negligence – sufficiency of pleadings – vagueness and embarrassment.
13 February 2025