High Court of South Africa Eastern Cape, Grahamstown

580 judgments
  • Filters
  • Judges
  • Labels
  • Outcomes
  • Case actions
  • Topics
  • Alphabet
Sort by:
580 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
February 2026
Court upheld Land Bank’s locus standi on cession evidence and authorised monetary judgment and special execution of mortgaged farm properties.
Civil procedure; locus standi to sue on ceded book debts; proof of cession/recordal; authority to institute proceedings; execution against residential immovable property and Rule 46A; section 33 of Land and Agricultural Development Bank Act; special execution of mortgaged farms.
3 February 2026
January 2026
Rescission of a liquidation order refused: non-joinder, valid service at registered address, and no bona fide defence.
Company law – liquidation – rescission of final winding-up order – joinder of Master and creditors – locus standi under s 354 Companies Act – service at registered address – Rule 42 and common-law rescission requirements – bona fide defence and explanation for default.
29 January 2026
Circumstantial, eyewitness and forensic evidence established the accused's guilt for housebreaking, aggravated robbery and murder.
Criminal law – Circumstantial evidence and identity – Application of Blom rules – Forensic/DNA evidence linking accused to scene – Eyewitness identification – Murder and robbery with aggravating circumstances (Criminal Law Amendment Act).
28 January 2026
An attorney’s unexplained last‑minute withdrawal can attract de bonis propriis costs for wasted preparation and attendance.
Arbitration award — application to make award an order of court — opposed where award complied with; attorney withdrawal — last‑minute withdrawal causing postponement; failure to comply with local rule 7(c) — unexplained conduct; costs de bonis propriis against attorney for wasted costs; costs on scale B including preparation and counsel.
27 January 2026
Application to restore 50% membership dismissed because material dispute of fact about the oral agreement cannot be resolved on the papers.
Civil procedure — motion proceedings — material disputes of fact arising from oral agreements — application of Plascon-Evans rule and National Director of Public Prosecutions v Zuma — referral to oral evidence where disputes cannot be resolved on affidavits; relief seeking amendment of founding statement — inappropriate where central factual dispute unresolved on papers.
22 January 2026
Appeal dismissed: identification of perpetrator reliable and life sentence for repeated rape of an 11‑year‑old upheld.
Sexual offences — Rape of a child — Identification evidence under low illumination — Witness familiarity and repeated observation; corroboration by family evidence; prescribed life sentence — absence of substantial and compelling circumstances to deviate.
21 January 2026
Arrest and remand were lawful based on reasonable suspicion and prima facie evidence; malicious prosecution not established.
Criminal procedure — Lawful arrest and detention — Reasonable suspicion based on recognition by complainant — Exercise of arresting officer’s discretion — Bail/remand under s60 CPA (Schedule 5 offences) — Prosecutorial independence and prima facie case — Malicious prosecution requires malice (animus injuriandi).
20 January 2026
Warrantless arrest under COVID-19 liquor-sale regulation was unlawful; plaintiff awarded R140,000 for detention.
Criminal procedure – Arrest without warrant – s 40(1)(b) CPA – Requirement that suspected offence be a Schedule 1 offence – Reasonable suspicion must be objectively grounded (Duncan) – Emergency COVID-19 liquor-sale regulations do not automatically constitute Schedule 1 offences – Unlawful arrest and detention – Assessment of solatium for deprivation of liberty.
20 January 2026
Incorrect nomination form or wrong policy number did not invalidate beneficiary appointment where contractual formalities were otherwise satisfied.
Insurance law — Interpretation of policy — Beneficiary nomination — Contractual requirements are writing, signature and receipt by insurer — Incorrect nomination form or wrong policy number administrative and immaterial where identity and intention clear — Stipulatio alteri argument rejected.
20 January 2026
Rescission refused: valid service and notice, no sufficient explanation, delay, or prima facie bona fide defence.
Civil procedure — rescission of default judgment — Uniform Rules 31(6) and 42(1)(a) — proper service and procedural entitlement to obtain default judgment — common law rescission requirements: reasonable explanation, bona fide defence, promptness — non-joinder of school governing body not fatal where public school is juristic person (Schools Act).
20 January 2026
Municipality lawfully disconnected electricity after owner’s valid termination and occupiers received proper pre‑termination notice.
Municipal law – Electricity supply – Termination by property owner – Municipality’s duty to give pre‑termination notice under Municipal Systems Act and by‑laws – Distinguishable from cases where no notice was given – Disconnection not unlawful or an eviction where statutory process followed.
15 January 2026
December 2025
Urgent review of municipal suspension struck from roll for want of urgency due to inadequate particularity and justification.
Urgent application — Rule 6(12) — applicant must establish and particularise urgency and inability to obtain substantial redress at a hearing in due course — failure to provide names, dates, examples or evidence of imminent harm — application struck from roll for want of urgency; costs awarded.
18 December 2025
Appeal allowed: pleaded oral agreement contradicted evidential record; parties only agreed to agree, no binding written contract.
Pleadings — requirement to plead material facts with precision (Rule 6(6)); cannot plead one case and lead another at trial — prejudice. Contract law — oral agreement alleged vs written requirement; agreement-to-agree unenforceable. Evidentiary issues — inconsistency between pleadings and emails; limits on relying on negotiation communications.
4 December 2025
Admissibility of entrapment-derived statements and recordings under s252A, s217 and RICA — appeal allowed.
Entrapment/undercover operations – s 252A admissibility; whether conduct went beyond providing opportunity; balancing public interest under s 252A(3); incriminating statements during entrapment not confessions – s 217 inapplicable; RICA (s 4/s 5) and s 47(2) NDPP authority – procedural prerequisite, not evidentiary ambush; s 310 appeal and adequacy of stated case.
2 December 2025
The applicant’s malicious‑prosecution claim failed, but the respondent was vicariously liable for defamatory posters by police members (R80,000).
Malicious prosecution — elements: setting law in motion, reasonable and probable cause, animus injuriandi, failure required; Defamation — publication, defamatory meaning, wrongful and intentional publication presumed; Vicarious liability — Rabie/K test for sufficient connection between employee’s wrongful act and employment; Republication principle — unauthorised republication generally does not attract liability.
2 December 2025
Plaintiff’s notice of bar was premature after amendment; second rule 23(1) notice valid under rule 28(8).
Civil procedure — Rule 23(1) notices to remove causes of complaint — Effect of amendment and rule 28(8) — Premature notice of bar set aside as irregular step — Costs: no attorney‑client costs; counsel’s fees allowed on scale A (rule 67A).
2 December 2025
Court finds the Highgate killings were premeditated murders likely executed by renegade Apartheid security elements; investigation marred by gross failures.
Inquest (Inquests Act s16(2)) – standard of proof in inquests – prima facie assessment (Padi/Lubowski approach) – mass shooting; evidence excludes APLA responsibility – loss and mishandling of forensic exhibits – systemic investigative and institutional failure – false‑flag operation by renegade Apartheid security elements suspected.
1 December 2025
November 2025
Circumstantial evidence proved the accused stabbed the deceased; dolus eventualis established and intoxication did not excuse criminal capacity.
Criminal law – circumstantial evidence – application of R v Blom; dolus eventualis – intention inferred from weapon, wound and conduct; intoxication – not negating criminal capacity; s 174 discharge refused.
28 November 2025
Court departs from prescribed life sentence for domestic-violence murder due to intoxication, dolus eventualis, and personal circumstances.
Criminal law — Murder attracting prescribed life sentence under s 51(1) CLAA — Domestic-relationship physical abuse — Whether substantial and compelling circumstances exist — Voluntary intoxication and dolus eventualis as mitigating factors — Balancing societal denunciation and individual circumstances in sentencing.
28 November 2025
Whether exclusion from the 2025/2026 programme constituted contempt for failing to perform SLA obligations.
Contempt of court — requirements (existence of order, service/knowledge, non-compliance; wilfulness/mala fides after non-compliance). Interpretation of court orders and contractual documents — order speaks and must be read as a whole; extrinsic evidence only if ambiguous. Service Level Agreement — targets and budget tied to 2024/2025; extension requires amendment under main agreement. Self-created impossibility — a party may not rely on impossibility that is of its own making. Costs — Biowatch principles considered but ordinary costs rule applied (Scale B).
25 November 2025
Freely made police confession, corroborated by forensic and circumstantial evidence, led to conviction for murder.
Criminal law – Murder – Admissibility of confession – Section 217 CPA – Conviction on confession corroborated by independent proof under Section 209 CPA – Circumstantial and forensic evidence (ligature strangulation) – Credibility assessment of accused’s testimony.
19 November 2025
Court departs from prescribed life for intimate-partner murder, imposing 20 years after finding substantial and compelling circumstances.
Criminal law — Murder — Domestic-relationship killing — Section 51(1) and Part 1 of Schedule 2 discretionary minimum life sentence — Substantial and compelling circumstances required to deviate (Malgas; Vilakazi) — Sentencing triad (Zinn) — Mitigation: youth, first offender, intoxication, cooperation — Aggravation: intimate-partner brutality — Sentence imposed: 20 years’ imprisonment.
19 November 2025
The appellant may be authorised under s 8(1)(a) APA to document inspections and gather evidence; magistrate’s restrictive order set aside.
Animals Protection Act s 8(1)(a) – scope of magistrate’s authorisation – purposive and contextual interpretation with SPCA Act – authorisations may include documentation, photography, videography and scanning for prosecution; statutory SPCA prosecutorial role; true discretion susceptible to appellate interference; public‑interest determination despite mootness.
18 November 2025
Lessee entitled to evict commercial occupiers; head lease not terminated, ESTA inapplicable, sub‑lease void and costs awarded.
Lease law – locus standi of lessee to evict occupiers; privity and sanctity of contract; rescission and waiver of contractual remedies; ESTA exclusion for commercial farming; sublease/cession void ab initio under lease prohibition; eviction under common law.
18 November 2025
October 2025
Cumulative personal factors did not constitute substantial and compelling circumstances to avoid prescribed life sentences for child rape and murder.
Criminal law — Sentencing — Minimum sentences — Rape and murder of a child within Part I of Schedule 2 — Whether substantial and compelling circumstances exist to deviate from prescribed life imprisonment; intoxication, first‑offender status, pre‑trial detention and rehabilitation prospects considered cumulatively; entry on National Register for Sexual Offenders; firearm disqualification; section 299A parole‑representation rights.
24 October 2025
Condonation granted for late/non‑service of statutory notices where good cause shown and no unreasonable prejudice established.
Institution of Legal Proceedings Against Certain Organs of the State Act – condonation for late/non‑service of statutory notice; Prescription – whether claim extinguished by late notice; Good cause and prejudice – applicant’s unexplained delay, medical incapacity, ignorance of requirement; Purposive interpretation and access to courts (Minister of Police v Miya); Service requirements under State Liability Act (section 2(2)).
23 October 2025
Circumstantial evidence, forensic findings and witness credibility established the accused’s guilt for rape per anum and murder.
Criminal law — Circumstantial evidence — Application of R v Blom two‑cardinal‑rules to infer guilt beyond reasonable doubt. Evidence — Credibility and reliability of eyewitness and medico‑legal testimony; assessment of accused’s mendacious version. Forensic pathology — Fatal blunt and sharp force injuries; anal penetration by blunt object consistent with sexual assault. Procedure/public interest — Referral of judgment to provincial liquor authority re: regulation of licensed premises.
22 October 2025
Court finds substantial and compelling circumstances to depart from mandatory life, imposing 25 years for domestic‑violence murder.
Criminal law – Murder - dolus eventualis; Minimum Sentences Act s51(1) and Schedule 2(1)(g) – murder resulting from physical abuse in a domestic relationship; section 112(2) plea admissions; sentencing – intoxication and personal circumstances as substantial and compelling circumstances; proportionality principle; sentence of 25 years and firearm prohibition.
16 October 2025
Search and arrest were lawful on consent and s40(1)(a) grounds, but respondent liable for ~2.5 hours unlawful detention (R10,000).
Criminal procedure – search without warrant – informed consent and corroboration; Arrest without warrant – section 40(1)(a) CPA – offence committed in presence of peace officer; Exercise of police discretion to arrest – reasonableness standard; SAPS Standing Order G341 – substantial compliance and reasonableness, not absolute rule; Unlawful detention – liability for period after decision to release; Adverse inference – availability of witnesses must be established.
15 October 2025
Disconnection without notice for non-payment violates procedural fairness; tampering permits no-notice only on reasonable suspicion.
Municipal electricity — Disconnection without notice — Distinction between non-payment and illegal connection/tampering — PAJA and s33(1) rights to procedurally fair administrative action — Burden on municipality to prove tampering — Reasonable suspicion and factual basis required for no-notice disconnection — Unconstitutional to disconnect for non-payment without prior notice (paras 7.5, 7.7, 20).
14 October 2025
Conviction and sentence set aside where accused’s s112 statement omitted essential possession element and sentence relied on flawed report.
Criminal procedure – s112(2) plea statements must set out factual admissions of every essential element; legal conclusions are insufficient – where a s112(2) statement fails to show personal and direct possession, conviction must be set aside. Sentencing – reliance on inaccurate pre-sentence report and failure to apply Zinn triad renders sentence reviewable; duty on defence and prosecution to correct manifest inaccuracies. Review/remittal – s312 discretionary; remittal may be refused where it would produce injustice.
10 October 2025
Business rescue dismissed for lack of reasonable prospect; provisional winding‑up made final and costs awarded to the bank.
Companies Act – business rescue (s131(4)) – requirement of financial distress and a reasonable prospect of rescue; burden on applicant to lay objective factual foundation; related‑party rescue plans susceptible to suspicion where supporting entities are itself insolvent; sale after provisional winding‑up and section 341(2); provisional winding‑up made final where rescue prospect not shown.
9 October 2025
Authenticated foreign originals or certified translations satisfy s9(3); interpreter competence properly established; appeal dismissed.
Extradition — admissibility and authentication of foreign documents under s9(3) Extradition Act; interpretation of requirement for sworn translations; interplay with European Convention on Extradition; jurisdictional facts for committal under s10(1); magistrate’s duty to establish interpreter competence under s6(2) Magistrates' Courts Act and court rules.
7 October 2025
September 2025
Failure to provide Rule 49(13) security justified striking the appeal; Registrar to fix adequate security; appellants ordered to pay costs.
Rule 49(13) – security for costs of appeal – peremptory obligation on appellant to enter into good and sufficient security before lodging record; where parties cannot agree on quantum Registrar to fix amount under 49(13)(b); filing a bond does not automatically cure non‑compliance if quantum is contested; failure to provide security is an irregular step and may justify striking appeal from roll; respondent may raise objection in heads or from the bar; condonation discretionary, not automatic; costs for wasted enrolment awarded against appellant.
26 September 2025
Applicant’s arrest and detention during a strike were lawful under section 40(1)(a) and (j); claim dismissed.
Criminal procedure – arrest without warrant – s 40(1)(a) and (j) CPA – jurisdictional facts: peace officer, offence in presence, wilful obstruction. Credibility and identification – assessment under Martell. Exercise of discretion – rationality standard (Zweni; Sekhoto). Detention – s 50 CPA timing and rights; unlawfulness not established where charged and brought to court at first court day. Pleadings – unpleaded allegations (cell conditions) not considered.
23 September 2025
Restoration of wrongly lost title is restitution, not an MFMA s14 disposal; leave to appeal refused.
Municipal Finance Management Act s14 – disposal/transfer of capital assets – scope limited to ordinary disposals requiring council decision, consideration of fair market value and supply chain compliance. Restitution/restoration of title by cancelling a sale and resuscitating a deed (Deeds Registries Act s6) is not a disposal under s14 of the MFMA. Leave to appeal (Superior Courts Act s17) – appellant must show reasonable prospects of success or compelling reasons (Ramakatsa test).
23 September 2025
A restitutionary settlement restoring an applicant's title is not a 'disposal' under MFMA s14; leave to appeal refused.
Municipal Finance Management Act s14 – disposal/transfer of capital assets – council must consider fair market value and comply with supply chain management when disposing of assets. Distinction between disposal of a capital asset and restitution/restoration of wrongly lost ownership (status quo ante) – section 14 not engaged by restitutionary settlements. Leave to appeal – Superior Courts Act s17(1)(a) – appeal must have reasonable prospects of success or some other compelling reason; application of Ramakatsa test.
23 September 2025
An interim interdict cannot halt essential municipal water-maintenance contracts where public-service continuity outweighs bidder prejudice.
Procurement/tender review; interim interdict requirements; pacta de contrahendo (standing offer) in public contracts; balance of convenience where essential municipal water and sanitation services are at risk; role of consultant advice and bid elimination for unrealistic pricing.
23 September 2025
16 September 2025
16 September 2025
Accident caused plaintiff’s left hip fractures; TB excluded; plaintiff entitled to s17(4)(a) undertaking and R750,000 general damages.
Road Accident Fund – causation – but‑for test – post‑traumatic acetabular and femoral‑head fractures shown on CT – tuberculosis excluded by radiology and orthopaedic reasoning; entitlement to section 17(4)(a) undertaking for future medical expenses; quantum of general damages assessed at R750,000.
16 September 2025
Blank RAF medical form with accompanying records and no 60‑day objection constitutes substantial compliance; claim not prescribed.
Road Accident Fund – prescription under regulation 2(1) – section 17(1)(b) claims where driver/owner unknown – requirement to lodge claim within two years. Section 24 – prescribed RAF claim form and medical report – substantial compliance with form requirements assessed objectively. Section 24(5) – deemed validity where Fund does not object within 60 days. Interpretation of social legislation in favour of third parties – reliance on Pithey and Busuku.
10 September 2025
Lessee entitled to evict occupants; sublease void ab initio and ESTA inapplicable where use is commercial farming.
Lease law – privity and sanctity of contract – lessee’s locus standi to evict; unauthorised subletting/cession void ab initio under lease clause; waiver/election not to rescind by lessor; ESTA inapplicable where occupation is for commercial farming; eviction under common law.
4 September 2025
Where police acted with malice and without reasonable cause, arrest and detention were held to be unlawful and damages awarded.
Delict – Unlawful arrest and detention – Malicious arrest – Reasonable suspicion – Malice – Quantum of damages – Incorrect assessment of evidence by magistrate – Police conduct and justification for arrest under section 40(1)(b) of the Criminal Procedure Act.
2 September 2025
August 2025
Condonation granted; arrest and ensuing detention found unlawful; R120,000 damages and costs awarded against the State.
Criminal procedure – arrest without warrant – section 40(1)(a) and (b) CPA – requirement of reasonable grounds to suspect a Schedule 1 offence (dangerous wound) – objective assessment of facts; Civil damages for unlawful arrest and detention – police duty to bring arrestee to court/enable bail promptly (s35/s50 Constitution and CPA); Procedural law – condonation and reinstatement of appeal – factors: delay, explanation, prospects, importance; Judicial practice – need for reasoned judgments and credibility findings.
28 August 2025
The court granted urgent interim relief preserving an estate’s assets and rental income, restraining their dissipation before executor appointment.
Estate law – interim interdict – preservation of estate assets pending appointment of executor – trust and company property – urgency – prima facie right – irreparable harm – administration of deceased estates – trust property – account and transparency duties in estate administration.
26 August 2025
A High Court cannot grant a Rule 43 maintenance order pending a divorce in another division unless exceptional and urgent circumstances are proven.
Family law – Jurisdiction of High Courts – Rule 43 interim maintenance where main divorce action is pending in another division – Requirements for intervention under common law and Children’s Act – Nullity and rescission of court orders for lack of jurisdiction – Contempt of court – Variation of agreed school fees order – Costs in matrimonial proceedings.
21 August 2025
A payroll administrator acting as agent on behalf of clients is not liable as 'employer' for SDL or VAT on wages paid.
Tax law – Employer status for SDL and VAT – Payroll administration – Agency relationship – Parol evidence rule – Interpretation of employment contract – Tax avoidance – Burden of proof in tax appeals.
21 August 2025
Applicants lacked locus standi to sue; only the estate executor may litigate over estate property; application dismissed with costs.
Deceased estates – locus standi – executor is sole legal representative for estate litigation; non-joinder and lack of authority fatal to claim; Rule 6(9) Master’s report not required where executor’s locus standi disposes of matter; s 52 Administration of Estates Act – no delegation of executor’s powers.
14 August 2025
A widow married out of community of property was awarded 65% of her late spouse’s estate under an equitable redistribution order.
Matrimonial Property – Marriage out of community of property without accrual – Redistribution order after death – Constitutional Court development permitting claim by surviving spouse – Application of s 7(3), (4), and (5) of Divorce Act to estates – Contributions by spouses – Equitable redistribution – Finality of non-joinder objections – Costs de bonis propriis for unreasonable executor conduct.
12 August 2025