High Court of South Africa Eastern Cape, Grahamstown

568 judgments
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568 judgments
Citation
Judgment date
June 2025
Appeal dismissed due to lack of relevance and appealability concerning document production order.
Civil procedure – application for leave to appeal – document production – relevance and appealability – test for leave to appeal under section 17 (1) (a) of the Superior Courts Act.
19 June 2025
Failure to evaluate all submitted bids constituted a reviewable irregularity necessitating a new procurement process.
Administrative Law – Tender process – Evaluation of multiple bids – Procedural fairness and transparency – Review of administrative action under PAJA.
19 June 2025
Appeal granted due to potential mitigating factors affecting applicant's responsibility during the offence.
Criminal Law – Sentencing – Life imprisonment for murder – Application for leave to appeal considering alcohol influence and emotional state.
10 June 2025
Leave to appeal refused where confirmed order and forensic findings established contempt for failing to return employer's laptop.
Civil procedure – leave to appeal – s 17(1) Superior Courts Act – reasonable prospects of success test (Ramakatsa; S v Smith). Contempt of court – failure to comply with confirmed rule nisi requiring return of property – failure to purge contempt. Res judicata – binding effect of a confirmed judgment; reliance on prior findings in subsequent proceedings. Evidentiary weight – forensic evidence contradicting respondent’s version of theft. Motion proceedings – limitations of relying on annexures where underlying judgment stands undisturbed.
6 June 2025
May 2025
Appellant's conviction overturned due to procedural errors and insufficient evidence proving guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
Criminal Law – Admissibility of testimony – oath administration failure – Cautionary rule – child witness credibility and reliability – Insufficient evidence to convict.
29 May 2025
Section 59A does not obligate police to initiate prosecutor bail proceedings absent a detainee’s request; claim dismissed.
Criminal Procedure Act s59A – prosecutor-granted bail – whether police must initiate process absent detainee’s request; s50(1)(b) – duty to inform detainee of right to apply for bail; lawfulness of detention; interaction of statutory bail provisions and police obligations; reliance on Malisha, Fry and Coetzee.
23 May 2025
The court affirmed the lawfulness of arrest based on reasonable suspicion of possessing a stolen vehicle.
Arrest and detention – lawfulness of arrest without a warrant – reasonable suspicion for possession of stolen property and unlawfully obtained vehicle.
16 May 2025
Arrest and detention lawful where police had reasonable suspicion of possession of a recently hijacked vehicle and followed required procedures.
Criminal procedure – arrest without warrant – s 40(1)(e) and (h) CPA – reasonable suspicion based on possession of recently hijacked vehicle and surrounding circumstances; Detention – s 50 and s 39 CPA – bringing arrested persons to court ‘as soon as reasonably possible’ and lawfulness of remand pending investigation; Post‑hearing detention liability – distinction from Woji and requirements for police/prosecutorial culpability; Appellate review – deference to trial court credibility findings unless wrong conclusion shown.
16 May 2025
Court reverses property sale order due to lack of breach in deed of settlement and improper application of matrimonial law.
Family Law – Post-Divorce Settlement – Breach of Deed of Settlement – Actio communi dividundo – Property Rights Interpretation.
13 May 2025
Settlement restoring previously expropriated property may be made an order of court; MFMA s14 does not bar restitution where land proved unsuitable.
Property law – expropriation and restitution – restoration of ownership where land expropriated for a public purpose proves unsuitable; Municipal Finance Management Act s14 – transfer/disposal of capital assets not engaged by restitution; Deeds Registries Act s6 – court-ordered cancellation/revival of deeds; settlement agreements – when capable of being made orders of court; costs for bad faith conduct.
8 May 2025
April 2025
Forfeiture of patrimonial benefits ordered due to plaintiff's substantial misconduct and non-contribution.
Divorce – Marriage in community of property – Forfeiture of patrimonial benefits – Grounds for forfeiture – Substantial misconduct – Financial non-contribution and abuse.
15 April 2025
Appellate court held defendant bound by contractual warranty for trade‑in vehicle year model and set aside trial judge's unpleaded‑issues dismissal.
Contract — warranty in sale agreement — trade‑in vehicle year‑model warranted by respondent — caveat subscriptor — pleadings define issues — trial court misdirected by deciding unpleaded negligence/consumer‑protection issues — appellate substitution of judgment for damages, interest and attorney‑and‑own‑client costs; appeal costs party and party.
15 April 2025
Plaintiff proved a latent chimney defect and causation; developer-seller liable despite voetstoots clause; damages to be quantified later.
Sale and liability – latent building defect (timber roof truss built into chimney) – developer/seller’s awareness and fraudulent non‑disclosure – causation of fire by prolonged heating of embedded timber – voetstoots clause inapplicable to latent defects known or concealable by seller – assessment and weight of expert evidence.
15 April 2025
Applicant’s failure to meet a peremptory lift‑size requirement justified lawful disqualification and dismissal of the review.
Procurement law – tender evaluation – mandatory (peremptory) requirements; interpretation of tender documents (Endumeni); site‑visit verification may displace provisional documentary compliance; non‑compliance with jurisdictional preconditions renders a tender unacceptable; review under PAJA dismissed.
15 April 2025
Representation by an un-enrolled advocate invalidates proceedings; enrolment under the Legal Practice Act is mandatory for appearance.
Legal Practice Act – admission v. enrolment – enrolment under s 30 required for right of appearance – acting pro bono does not dispense with enrolment – un-enrolled representative’s appearance renders proceedings a nullity.
15 April 2025
Rescission refused where judgment was erroneously granted but rescission would be futile, disruptive and contrary to the public interest.
• Civil procedure – rescission – Uniform Rule 42(1)(a) – order erroneously granted where judgment obtained before respondents’ time to file intention to oppose had lapsed. • Discretion in rescission applications – exercise judicially; may consider fairness, justice, all facts and circumstances, and the merits where relevant; futility and undesirable consequences may justify refusal. • Review proceedings – Rule 53 procedural compliance – record delivery triggers respondents’ time to oppose. • Security for costs – Rule 49(13) and court’s power to regulate its process in the interests of justice; dispensing with security in appropriate circumstances. • Mootness – appointment of successor does not automatically render rescission moot; appointment relevant to discretionary exercise.
10 April 2025
Appeal against rape conviction dismissed due to lack of misdirection and credence of witness testimony.
Criminal Law – Rape – Appeal against conviction – Evaluation of evidence – Identification reliability – Sufficient reasoning by trial court.
8 April 2025
March 2025
Application of amended minimum‑sentence regime: life for planned attempted murder unless substantial and compelling circumstances exist.
Sentencing — Criminal Law Amendment Act amendments (post‑5 Aug 2022) — attempted murder of potential witnesses attracts prescribed life sentence — requirement to identify substantial and compelling circumstances to deviate — application of sentencing triad — differentiation of sentences where co‑accused have unequal blameworthiness, youth and prospects of rehabilitation may constitute substantial and compelling circumstances.
28 March 2025
No substantial and compelling circumstances found; life imprisonment imposed for child rape with registration and disqualification orders.
Sentencing — rape of a child by a family member — substantial and compelling circumstances — SORMA and CLAA prescribed life sentence — position of trust and psychological/physical harm as aggravation — ancillary orders: National Child Protection Register, National Register for Sex Offenders, firearm disqualification.
28 March 2025
A credible child complainant’s clear testimony supported by medical findings can sustain a rape conviction despite no DNA evidence.
Sexual offences – rape of a child – repeated anal penetration; reliance on single child witness evidence and medico‑legal findings. Evidence – competency and trustworthiness of child witnesses (s 208 CPA; Woji); SORMA s 60 prohibits automatic caution in sexual offence cases. Procedure – use of in camera proceedings, CCTV and intermediary for child witnesses (ss 153, 158 CPA; s 170A CPA). Forensic evidence – absence of DNA not necessarily fatal where identification and medical evidence are reliable.
27 March 2025
Appeal court upheld theft conviction but set aside convictions for break‑in, essential‑infrastructure offence and section 82 possession.
Criminal law – theft – possession of stolen property recovered from vehicle the accused drove – circumstantial evidence and inference of guilt. Criminal law – essential infrastructure offence (Criminal Matters Amendment Act) – element requiring knowledge or that accused ought reasonably to have known structure was essential infrastructure (s3(1)–(2)). Criminal procedure – appellate review of factual findings – Dhlumayo, Blom and Van der Meyden principles. Possession under s82 General Law Third Amendment Act – satisfactory account requirement.
25 March 2025
The in duplum rule limits pre- and post-judgment interest on statutory pension-contribution debts; the PFA does not exclude it.
In duplum rule – arrear interest ceases once unpaid interest equals outstanding capital – applies to statutory and contractual debts. Pension Funds Act (s 13A) – does not displace common-law in duplum rule absent clear legislative intention. Post-judgment interest – also subject to the in duplum limitation once interest becomes payable. Court not functus officio to determine applicability of common-law interest limitation to earlier judgments where interest was not quantified. Execution – writ setting aside where interest claimed exceeds duplum limit.
18 March 2025
Removal of trustee dismissed: isolated misconduct did not imperil the trust; Master ordered to reconsider s 7 appointment within 14 days.
Trusts – Removal of trustee – s 20(1) Trust Property Control Act – test: whether continuance imperils trust or its proper administration; resignation of trustee ineffective without Master’s amended letter; Master’s duties under s 7 and Chief Master’s directive – consultation and appointment of independent trustee; internal dispute resolution/arbitration clauses in trust deeds; costs where parties share blame.
18 March 2025
Court set aside municipal tender award for irrational scoring and failure to consider relevant tender documents; matter remitted for reconsideration.
Administrative law – Public procurement – Tender award reviewable where relevant considerations (submitted certificates) were not considered and reasons for point deductions were not given – PAJA s6(2)(e)(iii),(iv),(vi) – MFMA and Supply Chain Management Regulations confer original powers on accounting officer – s62 Municipal Systems Act inapplicable to original powers – substitution of administrative decision refused; matter remitted for proper scoring.
18 March 2025
Execution against a primary residence allowed where debtor fails to demonstrate viable alternatives; reserve price fixed.
Civil procedure – Rule 46A URC – judicial oversight before execution against primary residence; burden on debtor to show alternatives. Constitutional proportionality – application of Jaftha and Gundwana principles to execution against residential property. Execution – nulla bona return on movable-asset attachment as gateway to immovable-property execution. Reserve price – determination under rule 46A(9), using forced-sale methodology (70% of market value less rates). Costs – party-and-party costs awarded to judgment creditor (scale B).
18 March 2025
Whether annexed offer and acceptance suffice to plead a contract despite MFMA written-contract requirements.
Civil procedure — Exception under Rule 23(1) — vagueness and embarrassment; Rule 18(6) — reliance on written contract — annexure of offer and acceptance; Municipal Finance Management Act s116 — written-contract requirements — alleged non-compliance a defence, not a basis to strike pleadings.
13 March 2025
Spoliation granted: police failed to justify warrantless seizure; university obtained limited interim interdiction against sale.
• Spoliation — mandament van spolie — unlawful deprivation by police — requirements of CPA s22(b)(i) and (ii). • Criminal Procedure Act s22 — search and seizure without warrant: reasonable belief a warrant would issue and that delay would defeat object. • Interlocutory interdict — prima facie right, irreparable harm, balance of convenience — restraint on disposing of property pending criminal investigation. • Anti-dissipation orders — distinction and inapplicability where creditor-defeating intent not alleged.
11 March 2025
Court confirms theft conviction where appellant diverted prepaid accommodation funds for non-existent services, not merely a civil breach.
Criminal law – Theft – Elements of theft (animus furandi): unlawful and intentional appropriation, intention to permanently deprive, knowledge of unlawfulness – S v Boesak applied. Commercial/fraud schemes – ‘Virtual’ bed-and-breakfast invoicing for non-existent accommodation – payments diverted for personal use. Civil v criminal – Distinguishing breach of contract/condictio indebiti from criminal theft. Appellate review – Deference to trial court credibility and factual findings; interference only in exceptional cases.
11 March 2025
Whether the applicant validly re-acquired ceded contractual rights and thereby had locus standi to sue.
Cession — distinction between obligatory (underlying) agreement and transfer agreement; transfer may be tacit and requires no formalities. Re-cession — cedent may re-acquire rights by mutual agreement; evidence of repurchase and conduct can establish re-cession. Locus standi — a ceded right validly re-ceded confers standing to sue. Evidence — correspondence and proof of payment may suffice; failure to call an equally available witness is not necessarily fatal. Costs — appeal upheld with costs including counsel; exclusion for irrelevant record pages.
4 March 2025
February 2025
Rescission refused where valid service was proved and alleged payments did not establish a bona fide defence.
Procedure – rescission of default judgment; Rule 42(1)(a) – judgment erroneously granted without notice; Common law rescission – sufficient cause requires reasonable explanation and bona fide defence; Service – returns of service at domicilium citandi dispositive; Instalment sale – arrears and cancellation; Evidence – post-payment does not automatically discharge arrears if correspondence shows continued indebtedness.
27 February 2025
25 February 2025
Court interdicted further salary deductions pending Bargaining Council resolution of the temporary incapacity leave dispute.
Labour law – Deductions from remuneration – s 34 Basic Conditions of Employment Act – limits and procedural requirements for deductions. Public service – temporary incapacity leave – dispute over refusal to grant TIL and attendant salary consequences. Urgent interim relief – interdict to stay further salary deductions pending Bargaining Council determination. Forum competence – Bargaining Council as appropriate forum for disputes over incapacity leave.
25 February 2025
Accused convicted of raping a seven‑year‑old; court found substantial and compelling circumstances and imposed 21 years.
Criminal law — Child rape (per anum and per vaginam) — Minimum Sentences Act (Part I Schedule 2) — Whether substantial and compelling circumstances justify departure from prescribed life sentence; sentencing triad — nature of offence, offender’s circumstances (youth, first offender, substance use, immaturity), impact on child victim; statutory consequences — sex offender register and child protection register.
21 February 2025
The court found Mr. Yali guilty of child rape, affirming the credibility of young witnesses and medical corroborations.
Criminal Law – Evidence – Reliability of testimony from young children – Corroborative medical evidence – Identification of accused.
20 February 2025
Applicant failed to prove wilful disobedience of an interim admission order; application dismissed with costs.
Civil contempt – requisites: order, service/notice, non‑compliance, wilfulness and mala fides (Fakie NO v Civil Systems); interim relief interpretation limited to specified academic year; administrative discretion in university admissions; eviction following unilateral occupation; costs for unfounded allegations.
20 February 2025
The High Court dismissed an appeal against a conviction and life sentence for the rape of a minor, emphasizing the reliability of single witness testimony and statutory sentencing provisions.
Criminal Law - Appeal against conviction and sentence - Single witness testimony - Reliability and corroboration - Minimum sentencing provisions for rape under CLAA.
11 February 2025
Leave to appeal against conviction and life sentence for rape of a six-year-old dismissed; evidence reliable and no compelling mitigation.
Criminal law – leave to appeal under s17(1)(a) Superior Courts Act – higher test of 'would' have reasonable prospect; evidence of child complainant – credibility and corroboration; medical evidence of sexual penetration; minimum sentence regime – life imprisonment for rape of a child; substantial and compelling circumstances absent.
11 February 2025
Deficiencies in a guilty plea statement require remittal to clarify if all elements of the offence are admitted.
Criminal Procedure - Plea of Guilty - Section 112(2) CPA - Necessity for factual basis covering all elements of the offence - Deficienies in plea statement necessitate remittal for clarification.
11 February 2025
The accused sentenced to life imprisonment for repeated rape of children; no substantial and compelling circumstances to deviate.
Criminal law – Rape of children – Repeated offences by person known to family – Minimum Sentences Act (s 51(1), Part I Schedule 2) – life imprisonment; Sentencing – substantial and compelling circumstances – guilty plea and remorse assessed; Victim impact – medico-legal and psychological evidence informing aggravation; Ancillary orders – National Register for Sex Offenders and National Child Protection Register.
7 February 2025
Convictions altered to robbery simpliciter, adjusting sentences for appellants with consideration for trial custody time.
Criminal Law – Appeal – Review jurisdiction – Change of conviction from robbery with aggravating circumstances to robbery simpliciter – Impact on sentence.
6 February 2025
January 2025
Court considers mitigating factors to deviate from life imprisonment for domestic violence-related murder.
Criminal Law – Sentencing – Minimum sentences in context of domestic violence and murder – Mitigating factors and deviation justification.
31 January 2025
Bail appeal dismissed: accused failed to prove exceptional circumstances or that release served the interests of justice.
Bail appeal — appellate standard under s 65(4); s 60(11) onus where accused charged with Schedule 6 offences; s 60(4)/(9) ‘interests of justice’ likelihoods (danger to public, risk of committing Schedule 1 offences, tampering with evidence); corroboration required for medical and personal hardship claims; prior convictions, weapons-related cellphone images and possession of cash/cards while detained as indicia of ongoing criminality relevant to bail refusal.
28 January 2025
Whether substantial and compelling circumstances justified departing from prescribed life sentences for intimate femicide and attempted murder.
Criminal law – Murder and attempted murder in domestic relationship – proof of dolus eventualis. Sentencing – Minimum sentences under s 51(1) Criminal Law Amendment Act – when substantial and compelling circumstances justify departure. Mitigation – Role of alcohol intoxication, first‑offender status and remorse in assessing moral blameworthiness. Gender‑based violence – judicial obligation to balance deterrence and proportionality; State and regulatory implications (alcohol labelling).
24 January 2025
Section 2(3) of the Wills Act allows recognizing non-compliant documents as valid wills with proven testamentary intent.
Succession Law – Wills – Non-compliance with formal requirements – Section 2(3) of the Wills Act – Intention of the deceased.
23 January 2025
Hospital staff's negligence in maternal care resulted in a child's brain injury and liability for damages.
Medical Negligence - standard of care - compliance with maternity guidelines - causation of hypoxic injury - hospital liability
23 January 2025
Minister’s wholesale dissolution of a water‑board was unlawful and irrational, but court granted a declarator rather than reinstatement due to practical consequences.
Water services board — Minister’s power to appoint/dismiss board members — executive v administrative action — Motau guidance — principle of legality and rationality — procedural fairness (audi) — remedial discretion where interim appointments and practical consequences intervene (Oudekraal/Bengwenyama approach).
20 January 2025
Court denies summary judgment, highlighting need for trial to address unresolved legal issues and defenses.
Summary judgment – Defending against summary judgment – Adequacy of defense and unresolved legal issues – Jurisdictional considerations.
14 January 2025
Applicants obtained an urgent interlocutory interdict halting mining pending internal appeal due to prima facie procedural irregularities and zoning contravention.
Administrative law – MPRDA – adequacy of public participation and EIA processes; land‑use zoning – mining activities inconsistent with municipal land‑use scheme; urgency and interlocutory interdict – prima facie right, irreparable harm, balance of convenience; s96(2)–(3) MPRDA do not preclude court granting interim relief.
14 January 2025
December 2024
High Court overturns magistrate's refusal of bail, emphasizing interests of justice in extradition cases.
Extradition proceedings – Bail pending appeal – Inappropriate application of Coetzee formulation – Interests of justice as benchmark.
30 December 2024
Plaintiff validly cancelled lease under clause 21.1.1 without seven‑day notice; absolution from instance dismissed.
Lease law – breach and cancellation – interpretation of multi-part breach clause (clause 21.1) – sub-clauses construed as independent grounds for cancellation; clause 21.1.1 permits immediate cancellation for non-payment on due date. Suretyship – renunciation of benefits of excussion and division – plaintiff not required to obtain judgment or exhaust remedies against deregistered principal debtor before suing surety. Civil procedure – absolution from instance – prima facie case required; application dismissed.
18 December 2024